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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Embryology?

A

study of the origin and development of single individual

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2
Q

What are the first 8 weeks of prenatal period known as?

A

Embryonic period

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3
Q

What are the last 30 weeks of prenatal period known as?

A

Fetal period

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4
Q

What does the basic body plan include?

A

Skin – dermis and epidermis

Outer body wall – trunk muscles, ribs, vertebrae

Body cavity and digestive tube (inner tube)

Kidneys and gonads – deep to body wall

Limbs

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5
Q

What is a fertilized oocyte that moves toward the uterus called?

A

Zygote

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6
Q

What are Blastomeres?

A

daughter cells formed from zygote

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7
Q

What is a Morula?

A

solid cluster of 12–16 blastomeres Think “Mulberry”

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8
Q

What is a Blastocyst?

A

fluid-filled structure ~ 60 cells

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9
Q

List the stages of the fertilization and events of the first 6 days of development

A

Zygote -> 4-cell –> Morula -> Early blastocyst -> Late blastocyst (implants at this stage)

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10
Q

What are the prenatal periods?

A

Embryonic period Fetal period

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11
Q

what length in time defines each prenatal period?

A

Embryonic period – first 8 weeks

Fetal period – remaining 30 weeks �

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12
Q

What is the size of the embryo 25 days after conception? 36 days? 56 days?

A

3.5mm 10mm 30mm

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13
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A

Organs form from 3 primary germ layers

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14
Q

What is a major thing that happens during the fetal period?

A

organs grow in size and complexity

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15
Q

True or False most of cell proliferation occurs during the fetal period?

A

true. Reason: organs are growing in size by proliferation. Although cells also proliferate during the embryonic period majority of cells are differentiating during at that time.

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16
Q

what organ or structure allows for gas exchange between the fetus and mother?

A

placenta

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17
Q

What is teratogenesis?

A

something that can harms the fetus

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18
Q

During which week(s) are prenatal death at greatest risk?

A

1-2 weeks after conception

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19
Q

During what period can physiological defects occur?

A

Fetal period

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20
Q

What organs/systems are begining to develop when an embryo is 3.5mm?

A

Heart and CNS

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21
Q

Name the system that is at risk of defect throughout development (3weeks to 38weeks)

A

CNS

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22
Q

what does the outer body wall consist of?

A

trunk muscles, ribs, vertebrae �

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23
Q

Where does conception occur?

A

lateral third of the uterine tube

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24
Q

What are the daughter cells formed from zygote known as?

A

blastomeres

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25
Q

Define zygote

A

fertilized oocyte

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26
Q

what is Morula?

A

solid cluster of 12–16 blastomeres

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27
Q

What are the stages that occur during the first week of development?

A

Zygote 4-cell Morula Early blastocyst Late blastocyst (implants at this stage)

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28
Q

What sheets is the inner cell mass divided into?

A

hypoblast and epiblast

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29
Q

During what stage is the blastocyst cavity formed?

A

early blastocyst

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30
Q

What is formed by the extension of the hypoblast?

A

yolk sac

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31
Q

What is the structure outlined in black?

A

amniotic sac

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32
Q

what does the yolk sac form into?

A

digestive tube

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33
Q

what gives rise to earliest blood cells and blood vessels?

A

tissues around yolk sac

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34
Q

What occurs on day 6?

A

blastocyst implant itself into the uterus

35
Q

when is the inner cell mass formed?

A

day 6

36
Q

which part of the embryo is NOT a major source of nutrients?

A

yolk sac

37
Q

what lines the amniotic sac cavity?

A

amnion

38
Q

what is primitive streak?

A

raised groove on the dorsal surface of the epiblast

39
Q

During what process are the primary germ layers formed?

A

gastrulation

40
Q

define gastrulation

A

a process of invagination of epiblast cells

from bilaminar to trilaminar

41
Q

where does gastrulation begin?

A

at the primitive streak

42
Q

what cells do the germ layers derive from?

A

epiblast cells

43
Q

Name the germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

44
Q

what does the primative node give rise to?

A

the notochord in mesoderm layer

45
Q

what happens during neurulation? and when does it occur?

A

ectoderm starts forming brain and spinal cord (17-22 days)

46
Q

After gastrulation the epiblast is now called _______

A

ectoderm

47
Q

what is responsible for signaling in the trilaminar embryo?

A

notochord

48
Q

what is the folding (inward) of the ectoderm known as?

A

nueral groove

49
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

ectoderm in the dorsal midline

50
Q

What part of the neural tube becomes the brain?

A

cranial part

51
Q

what originates from ectodermal cells and forms sensory nerve cells?

A

Neural crest

52
Q

During what day of development does the ectoderm fold inward?

A

Day 19

53
Q

What happens during the 4th week of development?

A

The body takes it shape by the folding of embryo laterally and at the head and tail

54
Q

What is formed when the tubular part of the yolk sac enclose?

A

primitive gut

55
Q

What does the primitive gut eventually form?

A

Future digestive tube and respiratory structures

56
Q

what does the neural tube become?

A

neural tube becomes spinal chord and the brain

57
Q

what does the notochord become?

A

nucleus pulposus within intervertebral disc

58
Q

What are the parts of a differentiating mesoderm?

A

Paraxial (somatic) mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

59
Q

The lateral plate forms a cavity that divides the it into what two layers?

A

Somatic mesoderm – apposed to the ectoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm – apposed to the endoderm

60
Q

What does ectoderm go on to form?

A

Epidermis
hair
Nails
Glands of skin
brain
spinal cord
neural crest

61
Q

What does the Neural crest consist of?

A

Sensory nerve cells
Some nervous structure
Pigment cells
Portion of skeleton
Blood vessels in head and neck

62
Q

What is the notochord portion of mesoderm form?

A

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

63
Q

What are the divisions that derive from the mesoderm?

A

Notochord
Somite (paraxial)
Intermediate
Lateral plate mesoderm

64
Q

What does the somite portion of mesoderm form?

A

Sclerotome – vertebral and ribs
Dermatome – dermis (dosal)
Myotome – trunk and limb musculature

65
Q

What does the dermis derive from?

A 
Somite -\> Dermatome (dorsal)
 Somatic mesoderm (ventral)
66
Q

What forms the kidney and gonads?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

67
Q

where does parietal serosa derive from?

A

somatic mesoderm

68
Q

where does visceral serosa derive from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

69
Q

what does the somatic mesoderm form?

A

parietal serosa

dermis (ventral)

CT of limbs

70
Q

What does the splanchnic mesoderm form?

A

visceral serosa

WALL (musculature, CT) digestive and respiratory tracts

heart

blood vessels

71
Q

what does the endoderm form?

A

epithelial linging and glands of digestive and respiratory tract

72
Q

when does the embryo first respembles a human and has all organs in place?

A

week 8

73
Q

When do limb buds form?

A

Second month of embryonic development (week 5-8)

74
Q

During the 8th week of development what structure is larger than the body?

A

liver is disproportionally larger than the body

75
Q

How is the endoderm formed?

A

from migrating cells that replace the hypoblast

76
Q

Do cells differentiate during the fetal period?

A

Yes. Cells are differentiating during the first half of the fetal period

77
Q

Describe some events that occur during the 8th week of development?

A

eyes and ear look human

neck begin to become evident

head is nearly as large as body

all major brain divisions are present

first brain waves occur in brainstem

bone formation occurs

weak muscle contraction

limbs formed, digits are webbed until end of 8 weeks

cadiovascular system is fully functional

78
Q

Describe some events that occur during the 3rd month (9-12 weeks) of development?

A

head is still dominant but body is elongating

brain is enlarging

retina is present

R/L palate fuses together

walls of hollow organs are gaining are gaining smooth muscle

blood cell formation begins in bone marrow

notochord deternerates

can determine sex

79
Q

What is the blastocyst surrounded by?

A

single layer of cells called trophoblast

80
Q

Sucking motions of the lips begin during the 8th month of development true or false

A

false this occurs at 4 months

81
Q

what is the name of the cavity that forms between the two lateral plate layers?

A

Coelom

82
Q

what does the coelom become?

A

serous body cavities

83
Q

When does the fetal heart start pumping?

A

4 weeks

Anatomy (10 decks)

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