HC 6 cultural psychology

Question 1

Acculturation?

Answer 1

= comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different
cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original
cultural patterns of either or both groups

Question 2

Psychological acculturation?

Answer 2

changes that an individual experiences as a result of
contact with one or more cultures and of the participation in the ensuing process of
change that one’s cultural or ethnic group is undergoing
–> Theodore Graves investigated ethnic groups and looked at how much they
acquired the western cultur

Question 3

Ethnocultural groups?

Answer 3

people that do not leave
their home and voluntarily encounter other
groups
–> Welsh, English, Scottish in the UK

Question 4

Indigenous people?

Answer 4

people that do not leave
their home and involuntarily encounter other groups
–> Native Americans being conquered by the Europeans

Question 5

Immigrants?

Answer 5

permanent migrants that are voluntarily moving
–> Dutch people voluntarily moving to Canada

Question 6

Sojourners?

Answer 6

impermanent migrants that are voluntarily moving
–> International students

Question 7

Asylum seekers?

Answer 7

temporary migrants, who involuntarily left their home country,
which are undecided whether they can stay in the country, those who have received asylum are refugees

Question 8

Refugees?

Answer 8

permanent migrants who can stay in the country, and involuntarily left their home country

Question 9

Maintenance and adoption?

Answer 9

= what do you do in an acculturation setting?
cultural maintenance: maintaining characteristics of own culture
cultural adoption: adopting characteristics of the culture of society of settlement

Question 10

Unidimensional conceptualization of acculturation by Gordon?

Answer 10

= Believed when you gain the new culture, you lose your original culture
–> does not have to be the case

Question 11

Bidimensional conceptualization of acculturation by Berry?

Answer 11

= Separate question whether you adopt the culture of your new culture, or maintain your original culture

Question 12

The 4 dimensions of the bidimensional conceptuatlization of acculturation by Berry?

Answer 12

• Integration: high on maintenance and high on adoption 
  biculturalism
• Separation: high maintenance and low adoption, maintaining your
  heritage culture and do not adopt a new country
• Assimilation: not maintain your origin culture but take over the new
  culture
• Marginalization: neither maintain nor adopt your culture

Question 13

Fusion model by LaFromboise?

Answer 13

Combination of cultural maintenance and cultural adoption to form a new culture
–> applying cultures interchageably depending on the context

Question 14

Acculturation conditions?

Answer 14

characteristics of the receiving and origin society,
immigrant group and personal characteristics

Question 15

Acculturation orientations?

Answer 15

cultural adoption and cultural maintenance

Question 16

Acculturation outcomes?

Answer 16

1. Psychological well-being: how people feel (mood, stress, acceptance, satisfaction)
   –> marginalization causes negative, and integration causes positive mental health
2. Socio-cultural competence in ‘mainstream’ culture
3. Socio-cultural competence in ‘ethnic’ culture

Question 17

Transnationalism?

Answer 17

Multiple ties and interactions that link people or institutions across the borders of nation-states
–> economic: sending money home
–> following political activities of the home country

Question 18

4 reasons why people return home?

Answer 18

1. Return of failure: people that have great difficulties adjusting to the new destination and return to the origin country
2. Return of conservatism: people that go abroad, earn money, meet their objectives and return to the origin country
3. Return of retirement: people that were in a foreign country to work and when retired, go back to the origin country
4. Return of innovation: qualified immigrants, or children of immigrants, who think their
   economic future will be better in their origin country because of their new skills

Question 19

Return migration outcomes: pre-remigration perception?

Answer 19

nostalgia about the home country, frozen culture in
mind that does not exist anymore
–> the country a person left a long time ago, is not the same when they come back

Question 20

Return migration outcomes: almanci stigmatization?

Answer 20

A Turkish-German man who returns to Turkey gets called Almanci, which means German-like and is a disapproving term

Question 21

Return migration outcomes: generational differences?

Answer 21

second generation immigrants have more acculturative
stress than the first generation

Question 22

Return migration outcomes: reacculturation?

Answer 22

Acculturation orientation in former host society is relevant

Question 23

Remote acculturation?

Answer 23

= modern form of non-migrant acculturation via globalization
–> example: When you consume a lot of US media, less local media, more US food and communication causes people to have a stronger European American cultural orientation, lower Jamaican orientation, lower family obligations and greater conflict
with parent

Question 24

Remote enculturation?

Answer 24

= learning your heritage culture from a distance when you do not longer live in that country
–> modern form of cultural transmission in light of high rates of global migration

Question 25

Views on remote enculturation?

Answer 25

• Anthropology and cross-cultural psychology: passive / implicit enculturation
• Developmental psychology and sociology: active cultural socialization
  –> remote enculturation is more active because you are not surrounded with the culture
  you are learning–> regular enculturation is quite passive

Question 26

Feminism?

Answer 26

= the belief that women should not be disadvantaged by their sex, they should be recognized as having human dignity equally with men, and the opportunity to live as fulfilling and as freely chosen lives as men can

Question 27

Why do men profit the most form multiculturalism?

Answer 27

• particularly when minority groups are patriachically

Question 28

Why might multiculturalism enhance power differences and intra-group oppression?

Answer 28

Minority rights often are about traditions concerning marriage, children, and inheritance, which is where women are most involved

Question 29

CV for the Netherlands in terms of multiculturality?

Answer 29

• Multicultural society, both demographically and in terms of policy
• Equal rights for all individuals
• Recurrent debates about emancipation of women in traditional minority groups

Question 30

Outcomes of studies about veiling?

Answer 30

• Women wearing the veil say this as a marker of their identity, a reminder to their religious commitment, and can protect them against objectivation and sexual
  exploitation by men
• Veiling had a positive role on body image, were less reliant on media and beauty ideals, and the women placed less importance on appearance

Question 31

Muslim feminism?

Answer 31

= muslin women who while embracing Islamic ideology as liberating, are genuinely trying to
promote women’s rights within the confines of Islamic Shari’a by proposing a more moderate and more female-centered interpretation of the Qur’an