HC 5 cultural psychology

Question 1

Lexicon?

Answer 1

vocabulary, words contained in a language
Different lexicon in French of Japanese, but also between standard English and
academic English

Question 2

Syntax and grammar?

Answer 2

System of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances

Question 3

Phonology?

Answer 3

system of rules governing how words should sound in a language

Question 4

Semantics?

Answer 4

meaning of word

Question 5

Pragmatics?

Answer 5

system of rules governing how language needs to be used and understood in social contexts

Question 6

Phonemes?

Answer 6

smallest and most basic units of sound in a language

Question 7

Morphemes?

Answer 7

smallest and most basic units of meaning in a language

Question 8

How is language shaped for infants?

Answer 8

• sounds production is shaped through interactions with other
• infants produce the same range of phonemes across cultures

Question 9

What influences culture regarding language?

Answer 9

• self-other referents (what people call themselves and others
• pragmatics (indirect messages in high-context, direct messages in low-context)

Question 10

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis / linguistic relativity?

Answer 10

= idea that the speakers of different languages think and feel differently because of the
differences in their languages

Question 11

Sapir-Whorf hypopthesis schema?

Answer 11

First factor: particular aspect of language
Second factor: cognitive behavrior of the speakers of a given language
–> most tests at level 2 –> how language is related to cognitive behavior

Question 12

Paralinguistic cues? (nonverbal communication)

Answer 12

–> aspects of the voice that convey information such as tone, pitch, speech rate, etc.
–> Facial expressions and vocal characteristics

Question 13

Speech illustrators? (nonverbal communication)

Answer 13

–> nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech (using your hands while speaking)
–> gestures and body postures

Question 14

Emblems? (nonverbal communication)

Answer 14

culture-specific gestures that convey meaning without words (middle finger)

Question 15

Cognitive advanteges of bilingualism?

Answer 15

• Superior social skills and perspective taking tasks, likely due to executive functioning
• Delay of Alzheimer, independent of education
• Better stroke recover, possibly associated with an increased cognitive reserve

Question 16

For what two reasons is language important?

Answer 16

• Language is an important cue for cultural meaning systems
• Language influences thought (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

Question 17

Result study bilingualism?
–> Task: participants have to make the decision whether the video is goal orientated
(German) or action orientated (English)

Answer 17

Result: resting context changes cognitive processing
–> bilinguals in a German-language context are more goal orientated than bilinguals in an
English-language context

Question 18

Code frame switching?

Answer 18

the process by which bilinguals switch between one cultural meaning system and another when switching languages

Question 19

Intercultural competence?

Answer 19

= rule set of how to behave appropriately in a
certain culture

Question 20

Who benefits from intercultural competence?

Answer 20

• sojouners: exchange/international students
• Employees of internationally operating business, and also small businesses close to borders
• Employees throughout mainstream contexts that are often in contact with people from diverse cultural contexts

Question 21

Cultural assimilator?

Answer 21

Training tool that people get to familiarize themselves with certain contexts when travelling to these cultures. —> These often have 4 options of
which they are all “correct” but only one is the best answer

Question 22

Communication: messages?

Answer 22

information and meanings exchanged when people communicate

Question 23

Communication: encoding?

Answer 23

process by which people select, imbed messages, and send signals to others

Question 24

Communication: signals?

Answer 24

Observable behaviors carrying messages encoded during communication

Question 25

Communication: channels?

Answer 25

specific sensory modalities by which signals are sent and messages retrieved

Question 26

Communication: decoding?

Answer 26

process of receiving and translating signals into meaningful messages

Question 27

When are decoding and endocing rules learnt?

Answer 27

You learn them as kids.

Question 28

On what can people mismatch due to a lack of decoding&encoding backroundinformation?

Answer 28

–> Assumption of similarities, language differences, nonverbal interpretation,
stereotypes, different evaluations, stress/anxiety or uncertainty/ambiguity
–> Issue when people misinterpret and misunderstand and they are unaware, interpret and
think it’s correct

Question 29

Intercultural competence (ICC)?

Answer 29

= the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in intercultural situations;
embody the skills and knowledge necessary to live, survive, and thrive in a particular culture;
work effectively in multicultural settings and appreciate diversity

Question 30

Many different definitions of ICC but all feature 3 aspects?

Answer 30

1. Awareness: aware of your own assumptions, beliefs, values and biases
2. Knowledge: understanding the worldview of others
3. Skill: appropriate intervention strategies and techniques

Question 31

Cultural intelligence (CQ)?

Answer 31

= ability to grasp and reason correctly with abstractions (concepts) and solve problems, and
apply to social and practical areas

Question 32

Motivational cultural intelligence?

Answer 32

intrinsic, extrinsic, self-efficacy

Question 33

Cognitive cultural intelligence?

Answer 33

cultural systems, norms, and values

Question 34

Metacognitive cultural intelligence?

Answer 34

awareness, planning and checking –> knowing on
a higher level what to do when depending on the culture they’re on or the people
they’re with

Question 35

Behavioral cultural intelligence?

Answer 35

verbal, non-verbal and speech acts

Question 36

Development and testing of intercultural effectiveness, 3 forms?

Answer 36

1. Cultural judgment and decision making
   = participants need to make a decision that is rated culturally appropriate or
   inappropriate
   - Cognitive and metacognitive are relevant, not behavioral or motivational
2. Cultural adaptation
   = psychological adjustment to specific cultural settings
   - Motivational and behavioral are relevant, not cognitive or metacognitive
3. Task performance in culturally diverse settings
   = how to people to in tasks rated by their supervisors

Question 37

Interventional tools, what four tools based on culture general-specific and experiential didactic expository?

Answer 37

1. Experiential-culture general: personal experience:
   stimulation games, cultural assimilators
2. Experiential-culture specific: discussion with culturally different others
3. Didactic-culture general: this course of cultural psychology
4. Didactic-culture specific: Language courses

Question 38

Stimulation games?

Answer 38

stimulated foreign culture, you have an Alpha culture which is a warm, friendly, patriarchal society with a strong in-group, out-group identity. You have to get used to a Beta culture which is foreign speaking and task-oriented

Question 39

Cultural assimilators?

Answer 39

training tool that people get to familiarize themselves with certain contexts when travelling to these cultures. You get a scenario, and you have to react to this
scenario according to a specific culture