HC 12 cultural psychology Flashcards
Person perception?
Process of forming impressions of others, many siimilarities:
- Judgments of appearance and attractiveness
- Personality traits –> people can quite accurately predict personality traits
- Recognizing others
Same race bias?
People recognize individuals of their own race better than the individuals of another race
- Result of attitudes, contact/experience, task set-up
- Also exists in gender
Attributions?
= beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior, allow us to explain things and make sense of the world
Internal/ dispositional attributions?
specify the cause of behavior within a person, are
attributions about one’s internal characteristics or traits
External/ situational attributions?
locate behavior outside a person
Biases: fundamental attribution error?
tendency to explain the behaviors of others using
internal attributions and to explain one’s own behaviors using external attributions
–> Fidel Castro experiment where students had to present pro- or against and judging
students thought the presenters were actually pro or against Fidel Castr
Biases: self-serving bias?
Attributing positive experiences to internal attributes and negative ones to external attributes
Culture and intergroup relations: ingroup?
individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future
–> produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust
Culture and intergroup relations: outgroups?
people who lack ingroup qualities
–> perceptions of outgroups is associated with infrahumanization (= other people lack basic human qualities)
Culture and intergroup relations: group intitavity?
perception of groups as real entities and not collections of individuals; the group is acting as an individual would act
Differences in and outgroups between cultures; in individual cultures?
- More ingroups
- Less attachment to any single ingroup because there are more ingroups
- Survival of individuals is more dependent on the successful functioning of the individual than the group
- People make fewer distinctions between in and outgroups
Relationships in individual countries?
- People are less willing to sacrifice personal needs
- People cooperate less and express their contradictory feelings more freely
- People are more willing to treat outsiders (outgroups) as equals
Differences in and outgroups between cultures: in collectivistic countries?
- Fewer ingroups
- People are very attached to the group to which they belong
- Survival of individuals is more dependent on the successful functioning of the group
- People make greater distinctions between in and outgroups
Relationships in collectivistic countries?
- People are more willing to sacrifice personal needs
- People cooperate more and express their feelings less
- People find ways to be more agreeable
- People exhibit greater distancing and discrimination to outgroups
Origings of in-group favoritism
Ingroup favoritism co-evolved along with the emergence of cultures
- Highest in countries with demanding climates and low income
- Lowest in countries with demanding climates and high income
Group formation can occur on initially meaningless markers (coin toss, random selection),
and can fastly acquire meaning
Stereotypes?
= generalized images people have about others that can either be positive or negative
- Tool of structuring the world around us
- National level personality traits to reflect the national character –> but many individuals do not relate with this national character –> Difference stereotype or sociotype
Autostereotypes?
stereotypes about one’s own group
Heterostereotypes?
stereotypes about other groups
Change stereotypes over time?
Yes
Cultural difference in stereotypes?
Citizens of smaller nations have more negative stereotypes about larger nations and vice versa
Collective threat?
fear that an ingroup member’s behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group
Etnocentrism?
viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters, with own group at the top
Prejudice?
tendency to prejudge others based on their group membership
- explicit prejudice: verbalized and made public
- implicit prejudice: prejudicial attitudes of beliefs that are unspoken and outside sonscious awareness
Factors contributing to the universality of ethnocentrism and prejudice?
- Kinship sentiment (= think kin is easier found in our group than out-group) and social
and cultural factors - Competition between groups
- Authoritarian personality
Discrimination?
= unfair treatment of others based on their group membership
Discrimination?
= unfair treatment of others based on their group membership
Difference between prejudice & discrimination?
Prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing
Systemic inequalities?
= the system set up to benefit one group, and negatively impacts another group
Microagressions?
= verbal, behavioral, or even environmental negativity that is based on one’s ethnic, racial, or other demographic identification
Three forms of microaggressions?
- Micro assault: calling names
- Micro insults: not believing ethnic groups are in university
- Micro invalidations: denying others experiences of racism
Hypersensitivity hypothesis?
when people are more alert to microaggressions
study concluded that ethnic minorities experience microaggressions more frequently,
they are not just more sensitive to them.
Shooter bias?
= more African Americans are fatally shot than any other Americans
- First experience of discrimination or prejudice makes people realize that they are
part of a certain ethnic minority
–> black children have ‘the talk’ where they are explained that they are less safe than
white children and learn how to engage with the police, in order not to get shot
The police officer’s dilemma?
= decision who is a threat and who isn’t (who has a phone and who has a gun)
- Studies where people are shown pictures of black and white males either holding a
gun or a phone, and the participants need to very fastly make a decision to either shoot or not shoot
more likely and more quickly to shoot unarmed and armed black targets
compared to the white targets
slower to not shoot unarmed black targets
Contact hypothesis?
People need to have good contact in order to reduce prejudice. This is achieved by:
- Equal status
- Common goals
- Intergroup cooperation
- Support of authorities, laws or customs
- Personal interaction
How reduce prejudice and discrimination?
- Implicit bias training in the police: Implicit biases may lead officers to be over vigilant, act aggressively when someone is not a threat
- Changes attitudes, not behaviors
How combat intergroup biases: individual processes?
- Education and stereotype disconfirming information
–> avoiding subtyping (= reasoning why certain individuals do not fit your stereotype) - Perspective taking and empathy
- Awareness, checking beliefs, and making inconsistencies apparent –> causes
emotions of guilt and tension, which may lead to motivations to change behavior
Combat intergroup biases: group processes?
- Intergroup contact which increases interdependence
between members of different groups - Social categorization and identity –> decategorization (= individuate out-group members) and recategorization (= find a new way of categorizing people)
Intervention approach, three phases?
- Extended/imagined contact: when having difficulties making contact and you
meet others with a bridge (friend of a friend who is in an outgroup) - Cognitive/emotional regulation: cognitive conditioning, emotions or perspective
taking –> prepare yourself what to do when in a difficult situation - Social categorization: recategorize to change negative outgroup stereotypes and homogeneity
