HC 12 cultural psychology

Question 1

Person perception?

Answer 1

Process of forming impressions of others, many siimilarities:
- Judgments of appearance and attractiveness
- Personality traits –> people can quite accurately predict personality traits
- Recognizing others

Question 2

Same race bias?

Answer 2

People recognize individuals of their own race better than the individuals of another race
- Result of attitudes, contact/experience, task set-up
- Also exists in gender

Question 3

Attributions?

Answer 3

= beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior, allow us to explain things and make sense of the world

Question 4

Internal/ dispositional attributions?

Answer 4

specify the cause of behavior within a person, are
attributions about one’s internal characteristics or traits

Question 5

External/ situational attributions?

Answer 5

locate behavior outside a person

Question 6

Biases: fundamental attribution error?

Answer 6

tendency to explain the behaviors of others using
internal attributions and to explain one’s own behaviors using external attributions
–> Fidel Castro experiment where students had to present pro- or against and judging
students thought the presenters were actually pro or against Fidel Castr

Question 7

Biases: self-serving bias?

Answer 7

Attributing positive experiences to internal attributes and negative ones to external attributes

Question 8

Culture and intergroup relations: ingroup?

Answer 8

individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future
–> produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust

Question 9

Culture and intergroup relations: outgroups?

Answer 9

people who lack ingroup qualities
–> perceptions of outgroups is associated with infrahumanization (= other people lack basic human qualities)

Question 10

Culture and intergroup relations: group intitavity?

Answer 10

perception of groups as real entities and not collections of individuals; the group is acting as an individual would act

Question 11

Differences in and outgroups between cultures; in individual cultures?

Answer 11

• More ingroups
• Less attachment to any single ingroup because there are more ingroups
• Survival of individuals is more dependent on the successful functioning of the individual than the group
• People make fewer distinctions between in and outgroups

Question 12

Relationships in individual countries?

Answer 12

• People are less willing to sacrifice personal needs
• People cooperate less and express their contradictory feelings more freely
• People are more willing to treat outsiders (outgroups) as equals

Question 13

Differences in and outgroups between cultures: in collectivistic countries?

Answer 13

• Fewer ingroups
• People are very attached to the group to which they belong
• Survival of individuals is more dependent on the successful functioning of the group
• People make greater distinctions between in and outgroups

Question 14

Relationships in collectivistic countries?

Answer 14

• People are more willing to sacrifice personal needs
• People cooperate more and express their feelings less
• People find ways to be more agreeable
• People exhibit greater distancing and discrimination to outgroups

Question 15

Origings of in-group favoritism

Answer 15

Ingroup favoritism co-evolved along with the emergence of cultures
- Highest in countries with demanding climates and low income
- Lowest in countries with demanding climates and high income
Group formation can occur on initially meaningless markers (coin toss, random selection),
and can fastly acquire meaning

Question 16

Stereotypes?

Answer 16

= generalized images people have about others that can either be positive or negative
- Tool of structuring the world around us
- National level personality traits to reflect the national character –> but many individuals do not relate with this national character –> Difference stereotype or sociotype

Question 17

Autostereotypes?

Answer 17

stereotypes about one’s own group

Question 18

Heterostereotypes?

Answer 18

stereotypes about other groups

Question 19

Change stereotypes over time?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Cultural difference in stereotypes?

Answer 20

Citizens of smaller nations have more negative stereotypes about larger nations and vice versa

Question 21

Collective threat?

Answer 21

fear that an ingroup member’s behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group

Question 22

Etnocentrism?

Answer 22

viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters, with own group at the top

Question 23

Prejudice?

Answer 23

tendency to prejudge others based on their group membership
- explicit prejudice: verbalized and made public
- implicit prejudice: prejudicial attitudes of beliefs that are unspoken and outside sonscious awareness

Question 24

Factors contributing to the universality of ethnocentrism and prejudice?

Answer 24

• Kinship sentiment (= think kin is easier found in our group than out-group) and social
  and cultural factors
• Competition between groups
• Authoritarian personality

Question 25

Discrimination?

Answer 25

= unfair treatment of others based on their group membership

Question 26

Discrimination?

Answer 26

= unfair treatment of others based on their group membership

Question 27

Difference between prejudice & discrimination?

Answer 27

Prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing

Question 28

Systemic inequalities?

Answer 28

= the system set up to benefit one group, and negatively impacts another group

Question 29

Microagressions?

Answer 29

= verbal, behavioral, or even environmental negativity that is based on one’s ethnic, racial, or other demographic identification

Question 30

Three forms of microaggressions?

Answer 30

1. Micro assault: calling names 2. Micro insults: not believing ethnic groups are in university 3. Micro invalidations: denying others experiences of racism

Question 31

Hypersensitivity hypothesis?

Answer 31

when people are more alert to microaggressions  study concluded that ethnic minorities experience microaggressions more frequently, they are not just more sensitive to them.

Question 32

Shooter bias?

Answer 32

= more African Americans are fatally shot than any other Americans - First experience of discrimination or prejudice makes people realize that they are part of a certain ethnic minority --> black children have ‘the talk’ where they are explained that they are less safe than white children and learn how to engage with the police, in order not to get shot

Question 33

The police officer's dilemma?

Answer 33

= decision who is a threat and who isn’t (who has a phone and who has a gun) - Studies where people are shown pictures of black and white males either holding a gun or a phone, and the participants need to very fastly make a decision to either shoot or not shoot  more likely and more quickly to shoot unarmed and armed black targets compared to the white targets  slower to not shoot unarmed black targets

Question 34

Contact hypothesis?

Answer 34

People need to have good contact in order to reduce prejudice. This is achieved by: - Equal status - Common goals - Intergroup cooperation - Support of authorities, laws or customs - Personal interaction

Question 35

How reduce prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 35

- Implicit bias training in the police: Implicit biases may lead officers to be over vigilant, act aggressively when someone is not a threat - Changes attitudes, not behaviors

Question 36

How combat intergroup biases: individual processes?

Answer 36

- Education and stereotype disconfirming information --> avoiding subtyping (= reasoning why certain individuals do not fit your stereotype) - Perspective taking and empathy - Awareness, checking beliefs, and making inconsistencies apparent --> causes emotions of guilt and tension, which may lead to motivations to change behavior

Question 37

Combat intergroup biases: group processes?

Answer 37

- Intergroup contact which increases interdependence between members of different groups - Social categorization and identity --> decategorization (= individuate out-group members) and recategorization (= find a new way of categorizing people)

Question 38

Intervention approach, three phases?

Answer 38

1. Extended/imagined contact: when having difficulties making contact and you meet others with a bridge (friend of a friend who is in an outgroup) 2. Cognitive/emotional regulation: cognitive conditioning, emotions or perspective taking --> prepare yourself what to do when in a difficult situation 3. Social categorization: recategorize to change negative outgroup stereotypes and homogeneity