HC 3 cultural psychology Flashcards
Social / cultural learning?
Ability of humans to engage in shared intentionality; learning from and through others
Socialization?
learning and internalizing rules and patterns of behavior that are affected by culture
–> about strategies
–> what you’re taught by agents (teachers, peers, friends, family etc.)
Enculturation?
youngsters learning and adopting ways and manners of their specific
culture
–> about the content acquired
–> what you’re exposed to, influenced by who exposes you
Brondfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human developtment?
–> child is embedded in close and distal elements of one’s culture
Microsystem= immediate influences
Mesosystem= connections
Exosystem= indirect influences: school, friends, media etc.
macrosystem= your culture
Nuclear family?
- Two adults, one child
- Prototypical in many western countries
- Few differences in emotional closeness, geographic distance, contact between other
nuclear familie
Extended family?
- Parents, children, grandparents, etc.
- Prototypical in many non-Western countries
- Extended families are closer (emotionally and geographically) in prototypically
collectivist contexts
Influence of high SES on raising children?
middle class parents are more educated, or have educational opportunities
–> answer children’s questions in a more elaborated manner
–> guided interaction is important
Influence of low SES on raising children?
less willingness to guide their children, and rather leave them for themselves
–> due to having more kids and unable to give children much attention
Role of family in raising children?
- Plays one of the most important and influential roles in development
- Siblings, counts, aunts, uncles, grandparents and in-laws play essential roles in
children’s lives
Role of peers in raising children/development: postfigurative cultures?
Cultural change is slow, socialization primarily by elders
transferring knowledge to their children
Role of peers in raising children/development: cofigurative cultures?
cultural change is more rapidly, adults still play a role but also peers play a greater role in socializing each other
Role of peers in raising children/development: prefigurative cultures?
cultural change is so rapid that young people may be the ones teaching adults
Modernization theory?
The diverse human/family patterns are bound to change with urbanization & industrialization to eventually converge on the Western pattern (nuclear families)
Economic/utilitarian reason why people want children?
Economic/utilitarian reasons in the majority of the world
Children are able to support you during old age
–> decreases when you become more physically independent, but emotionally it
doesn’t change
Psycological reasons why people want children? (WEIRD world)
The amazing feeling of raising a child; don’t need it for economic reasons as you don’t need your children to take care of you
Model of family change by Kagitcibasi?
- Family model of interdependence: prevalent in traditional rural agrarian societies
- Family model of independence: characteristic of western middle class nuclear families
- Family model of psychological interdependence: urban/educated contexts in prototypically collectivist settings
Model of the self, ?
Agency: self-control (yes: autonomy, no: heteronomy)
Interpersonal distance: how close you want to be to people
Model of the self, Kagitcibasi?
Agency: self-control (yes: autonomy, no: heteronomy)
Interpersonal distance: how close you want to be to people
Model of the self, Kagitcibasi –> autonomous-related?
Make your own decisions and be close to people preferred way of living
Model of the self, Kagitcibasi –> hetronomous-unrelated?
Want others to be involved in their decisions, but also
want to be unrelated disfunctional category
Influential factors on parenting styles?
- Parent’s personality
- Marital relationship
- Child characteristics
- Context/neighborhood
- Socioeconomic status
- Culture
Baumrind parenting styles: authoritative?
- Balances control, warmth and involvement
- Seen as ideal in Western societies
- Seen as good in Chinese cultures, but
authoritarian parenting is seen as evenly
good - Children are more competent
Baumrind parenting styles: authoritarian?
- Focus on letting the child obey
- Children are more anxious and lack spontaneity
Baumrind parenting styles: permissive?
- Good relationship between child and parent
- Child is in control of what it wants
- Children tend to be immature
Baumrind parenting styles: neglectful?
- Parent not always wanting to be this way might have 3 jobs to keep up
- Emotional and economic impact causing parents to act this way
- Children fare the worst and are demanding
Helicopter parents?
Parents (in western countries) cannot stop controlling the child
With what is the authoritarian parentingstyle associated in collectivistic and individualistic cultures?
Collectivistic: associated with positive partental characteristics
Individualistic: associated with negative partental characteristics
Emic perspective on parentingstyles?
- organizational control and parental involvement and investment are important
Parental ethnotheories?
= parents have ideas about how their children should grow up
–> varies across cultures
Mirror self-recognition?
= understanding we are our own person
–> onze you understand you are separate from other people, this is the next step in being able to replace yourself in others
Outcomes studie that compared rural/urban contexts in context of the mirror-recognition test?
- In urban societies most children can self-identify around 20 months
- In rural societies children are much lower in self-identifying
–> mirror self-recognition increases with age, and is higher in urban societies (even
above mirror familiarity
Prototypical parenting behavior / eco-social contexts?
= distinction between contexts that are good for eliciting certain parenting practices
1. Independence: urban middle-class in modern (post-) industrialized societies
2. Interdependence: rural farmers with no/low formal schooling
–> autonomous related: mixture of the above
independent parenting strategy characteristics?
- Much face-to-face contact and object stimulation baby as seen as an agent
individual (own will is relevant) - Less body contact and body stimulation
- Exclusivity of mother-child dyad
- Baby is equal with individuality, own will and own preferences
–> parents believe child also needs alone time
Interdependent parenting strategy characteristics?
- More body contact and body stimulation parents and siblings need to work, so
they carry babies on their back; baby is barely alone - Less face-to-face-contact and object stimulation
- Caretaking is spread out among more people, rural societies have a tight social
network, no strangers so everyone helps out - Child seen as an apprentice, that needs to learn things which are valued (motor skills,
growing well)
Autonomous-related parenting strategy characteristics?
- Mixed strategy
- Urban educated contexts in historically collectivist contexts (costa rica)
- Exclusive mother-child dyad in a tight social network
German, costa-rica and camaroon visions on co-sleeping?
Germany: focus on autonomous roles, with relational as well, independent
–> believe co-sleeping is good, but not for long as the husband/wife relationship is
important and children need to be self-sufficient
Costa rice: both relational and autonomous goals autonomous
Cameroon: mostly relational goals, little autonomous goals, interdependent
–> believe co-sleeping is good to bond with the children
Temperament?
Personality of young children –> activity level, smiling and laughter,fear/behavioral inhibition, distress to limitations, soothability, and duration of orienting
Easy child?
agreeable, positive, responsive
Difficult child?
withdrawn, negative
Slow-warmed up child?
Needs to be warmed up before showing traits of the easy child
Goodness of fit?
Match between temperament and what the context/parents expect
–> What can be difficult in one setting can be protective/appropriate in another
Difficult temperament among Masai?
Difficult temperament (vocalized, complains)
gets more attention and thus gets to eat more, survival is a bigger issue and thus the
difficult temperament is adaptiv
Behavioral inhibition?
Child showing wariness, discomfort when confronted with unfamiliar situations –> shyness
Attachment?
= secure and insecure (ambivalent or avoidant) attachment
Parental sensitivity?
may not mean the same across cultures
–> western: child expresses a need and parents respond
–> eastern: parent takes care of the problem before it may come up
Strange situation?
= what a child does, and how it reacts when separated from the parent
–> Japan: parents don’t use babysitters often, they are often not separated from their
children
–> Rural group (Cameroon): everyone in a certain setting knows each other so the
test would not make sense because there are no stranger
Cultural models of attachment: physical autonomy?
Strong emotional bonds between infants and caregivers
–> infants are seen as autonomous, unique individuals
Cultural models of attachment: hierarchical relatedness?
Infants have a sense of security within its community, not specifically the parents
Cultural models of attachment: hybrid?
Emphasizes unique attachment relationships to caregivers and the community
Piaget’s stage model?
Cultural differences in reaching stages
Vygotsky;s sociocultural theory of cognitive development?
Children need help form ‘more knowledgeable others’
–> stimulate their cognitieve delopment
–> when they are in the zone of proximal development they can reach a new developmental level
Kohlberg’s theory of morality?
Some moral and values are universal, some differ in each country
Example Kohlberg’s theory about the man who steals drugs for his wife?
- Preconventional: emphasizes rules and avoiding punishment
- Conventional: emphasizes conformity to rules that are defined by others’ approval or
society’s rules - Postconventional: emphasizes moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles
- Especially the first 2 stages are mostly universal, but the last stage is mostly true in
independent countries
- Interdependent countries valued helping others most
