HC 14 cultural psychology

Question 1

Morality?

Answer 1

= what people think what is right and what is wrong
–> Moral norms apply to groups, and when you do not apply then you will be excluded

Question 2

Why does the group need to react to norm violaters?

Answer 2

1. Eliminate potential threat for survival of group
2. Sustain positive ingroup evaluations and identity
3. Sustain group cohesiveness

Question 3

Haidt’s moral foundations?

Answer 3

1. Caring and harm
2. Fairness and cheating
3. Loyalty and betrayal
4. Authority and subversion
5. Sanctity and degradation

Question 4

Intuitive ethics?

Answer 4

Innate preparedness to feel flashes of approval or disapproval toward
certain patterns of events involving other human beings –> gut feeling

Question 5

Religion?

Answer 5

= important determinant of what we think is right and what is wrong
- Religious groups can be seen as cultures, as it has norms, customs, identities, values, roles, institutions, etc

Question 6

Function of religion?

Answer 6

Psychological advantages like answers to meaning of life, help deal with social exclusion, lowers risk for depressive symptoms and increases happiness with social contacts

Question 7

Religiosity-as-social-value hypothesis?

Answer 7

= self-esteem is higher in believers than non-believers, and social adjustment is better, but only in a context in which your religion is societally valued

Question 8

A country with a high level of religious attitude in a country?

Answer 8

the correlation between personal religiosity and positive outcomes are high

Question 9

A country with a low level of religious attitude in a country?

Answer 9

the correlation between personal religiosity and positive outcomes are low

Question 10

Rituals?

Answer 10

= (often) specific behaviors that are recurrent, and take place at a specific place/time with symbolic value attached to them

Question 11

Functionality of rituals?

Answer 11

• Increase belonging, identity, social cohesion, cooperation, cultural transmission
• Family rituals are related to positive experiences as they strengthen family bonding,
  and help people with loss
  –> Watch home alone with family every year during Christmas

Question 12

Three different types of collectivistic labeled cultures in realtion to honor?

Answer 12

1. Dignity: everyone is born with the same value
   –> mostly internal factors
2. Honor: value depends on self-perception/evaluation and that of others
   –> both internal and external factors
3. Face: face is tied to the status commendaded by social position
   –> mostly external factors

Question 13

face cultures, what is important?

Answer 13

• avoiding face loss is imporant –> leads to shame
• Focus on ‘saving face’, also in others
• East-Asian cultures typically focus more on the face of the group than the individual

Question 14

Honor cultures, what is important?

Answer 14

• Honor is the value of the person, but also in the eyes of the society
  –> person can claim a certain honor but also needs to receive this from society
• Mediterranean, middle east, central Asia, police, gangs and organized crime

Question 15

How is the psychological approach of honor?

Answer 15

= see honor as a ’cultural syndrome’ and attempts to explain honor cultures and the impact
of honor
–> honor is a cultural syndrome, it is culturally specific and not comparable across cultures or understood from a western perspective

Question 16

What happens in a group when someone gets excluded in a honor culture?

Answer 16

• Moral deviancy and accused of immoral behavior –> fear of stigmatization or social
  exclusion (threatened moral reputation) –> threatened needs (psychological
  response) –> fight, flight or freeze (behavioral response)

Question 17

Radicalization?

Answer 17

= a process through which people become increasingly motivated to use violent means
against members of an out-group or symbolic targets to achieve behavioral change and
political goals

Question 18

Terrorism?

Answer 18

= act of violence, directed at non-combatants/civilians, to influence political direction or create fear

Question 19

Fundamental attribution error and terrorism?

Answer 19

we see actors of terrorist attacks as inheritably bad
and poor, while they are not
–> religion and the way people practice their religion is associated with terrorist
attacks, though religion is not the source of wa

Question 20

Sacred values?

Answer 20

= any value that a moral community implicitly or explicitly treats as possessing infinite or
transcendental significance that precludes comparisons, trade-offs, or indeed any other
mingling with bounded or secular values
= values are beyond discussion and supported by a religion

Question 21

Model on terrorism?

Answer 21

1. Sensitivity: individual experiences something that
   makes them sensitive to radicalization
2. Group membership: person has become a member of the group and shows loyalty
3. Action: write testament to increase commitment