HC 4 cultural psychology

Question 1

The self?

Answer 1

= cognitive representations of one’s own self, idea, or images one has about oneself and why
one behaves

Question 2

Different contexts of the self?

Answer 2

• At home with family –> private self
• At a restaurant with friends –> relational self
• In public with strangers –> public self

Question 3

Different domains of the self?

Answer 3

Physical, moral, personal, family, social, work, academic

Question 4

Markus & Kitayama study about the differing self?

Answer 4

= given that self-concepts are rooted in cultural worldviews, and given that cultural
worldviews differ across cultures, it follows that the concept of self also differs in different
cultures

Question 5

How would the self be described in a Japanese setting?

Answer 5

• something which is not really a substance or an attribute which is constant the same
• self is defined by the people you’re with
• not constant –> changes across situations

Question 6

Fundamental attribution error?

Answer 6

= saying someone’s behavior is caused by its
personality; is much less in interdependent cultures like Japan as the self changes more often

Question 7

Independent self?

Answer 7

–> When your host asks what you want on your bread and you have the choice between
turkey, ham and cheese you can naturally make a choice
= you yourself are making a choice

Question 8

Interdependent self?

Answer 8

When your host asks what you want on your bread you would be bewildered,
because here the assumption is that the host would be able to ‘read’ your mind and
make the choice for you based on what you had last time. Your role would be to be
grateful for what you get as you are the guest (even if you don’t like it)
–> host and guest have a prime concern to satisfy the relational aspect of the
exchange

Question 9

Inclusion of other in self scale?

Answer 9

= a number of questions where you visually relate yourself to others
–> Get an overview of who are closest to you, and how
interdependent you are with other people

Question 10

The twenty-statement test?

Answer 10

= test with the format in which people receive the line “I am…” and have to fill in the blanks
–> most people come up with 7 lines
- dispositional aspect of the self is assesed

Question 11

Why is the twenty-statement test easier for the interdependent self?

Answer 11

As interdependent self mostly describes themselves in terms of context, others and specific situations

Question 12

Self-esteem?

Answer 12

Cognitive and affective evaluations one makes about himself/herself

Question 13

Self-enhancement?

Answer 13

Collection of psychological processes by which one bolsters his/her self esteem

Question 14

What show studies about self-esteem depending on which culture you’re living in?

Answer 14

• members of individualistic cultures have higher self-esteem then members from collectivistic cultures
  –> collectivistic individuals had the tendency to self-efface & criticize themselves

Question 15

Self-efface?

Answer 15

= tendency to downplay one’s virtues

Question 16

Better than average effect?

Answer 16

= tendency of individuals to
underestimate the commonality of desirable traits and to overestimate their consequences
–> US people think not many people are better than them
–> Japanese people think many people are better than you

Question 17

tactical self-enhancement facet of self-esteem?

Answer 17

The idea that people of different cultures all self-enhance, but they choose to do it in different ways; and it depends on each culture what is
appropriate

Question 18

Mutual self-enhancement facet of self-esteem?

Answer 18

Achieved through the giving and receiving of compliments between partners in close relationships

Question 19

The six types of identity?

Answer 19

Personal, collective, relational, cultural (ethnic, racial), social identity, ethnicity

Question 20

Personal, collective, relational and cultural facets of identity explanation?

Answer 20

1. Personal: attributes that distinguish you from others
2. Collective: which social category you belong to
3. Relational: how your identity is when you are with others
4. Cultural, ethnic, racial: how you see yourself as a member of these groups

Question 21

Social identity?

Answer 21

The part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership in a social group together with the value/emotional significance attached to that mebership

Question 22

Ethnicity?

Answer 22

Indicates cultural heritage, the experience shared by people who have a belief in a
common ancestral origin, language, traditions, and often religion and geographic territory
–> ethnic identity: ethnicity + social identity
–> This develops, you are not born with an ethnic identity

Question 23

Ethnic category vs. ethnic group?

Answer 23

• ethnic category: given to you by others
  person with migration background
• ethnic group: self-categorization

Question 24

Why is identity fluid?

Answer 24

It depends on which context and which domain you are looking at; depends on whom one is talking to and where the person is located

Question 25

Identity denial/misrecognition effect?

Answer 25

One is not recognized as a member of the group
to which he or she identifies
–> Turkish girl does not get recognized as Dutch nor as Turkish because of her mixed look

Question 26

What influences which part of your identity shows the most?

Answer 26

• depending on a specific context
• life/social work
• cultural differences and the number of partial identities

Question 27

How are partial identities distributed in loose / tight cultures?

Answer 27

loose: high quantity of partial identities
tight: low quantity of partial identities

Question 28

What is the conclusion about biculturalism?

Answer 28

Biculturalism is not bad, unless these is a conflict

Question 29

How is biculturalism acquired?

Answer 29

• alternation: wide range of differences (problem solving, relational patterns etc.)
• cultural frame switching: the process by which bicultural individuals switch between one cultural meaning system and another depending on the context

Question 30

Dynamic constructivist approach, cultural frame switching deinition?

Answer 30

= internalized culture as a network of discrete, specific constructs that guide
cognition only when they come to the fore in an individual’s mind

Question 31

Domain specific approach, inside the dynamic constructivist approuch?

Answer 31

• Culture = domain-specific approach
  –> you have a knowledge network, and it depends on which culture you
  are which is active
• An individual’s knowledge varies in accessibility
• Priming –> what comes to the mind easiest

Question 32

Icons of dynamic constructivist approach?

Answer 32

= magnets of meaning –> certain primes that are very distinct images of a certain culture
–> American flag, Chinese dragon, Dutch tulips

Question 33

Heider’s studie on interpretation of behavior?

Answer 33

–> American participants assign more weight to dispositions, Chinese participants to social context
–> Studies by showing a figure of a group of fish and asked to interpret the picture
–> Americans saw the front-swimming fish as the best and fastest fish, Japanese saw
the front-swimming fish as being chased by others

Question 34

How do biculturals switch between networks?

Answer 34

They switch depending on the situation between what knowledge network they use.

Question 35

Culture as situated cognition, temporary construct accessibility?

Answer 35

For a temporary time, something might be quite accessible
–> When in friends you are more sociable than alone

Question 36

Culture as situated cognition, chronic construct accessibility?

Answer 36

–> The more you use something, the easier it is to use it
–> The more you are in social situations, the more you like social situations, and the
more you are able to interact in social situations