HC 6

Question 1

difference disease & illness

Answer 1

disease = diagnosis

illness =. whole experience, how people cope and live with the disease

Question 2

chronic disease

Answer 2

long duration, no definite cure, gradual changes

Question 3

chronic illness

Answer 3

lived experience of long-term bodily or health disturbances + how people live & cope

Question 4

New definition ‘positive health’

Answer 4

ability to adapt and to self-manage in the face of social, physical and emotional challenges

! it emphasizes the potential to be healthy, even when there is illness

Question 5

challenges cognitive functioning

Answer 5

• concentration
• forgetfulness
• diff in higher reasoning tasks
• word-finding difficulty
• difficulty multitasking

–> cognitive overload

Question 6

What influences QoL

Answer 6

• disease characteristics
• treatment characteristics
• demographics
• psychosocial factors

Question 7

Models of adjustment

Answer 7

1. stage models of adjustment
2. stress coping models
3. adaptational models

Question 8

Stage models of adjustment

Answer 8

central tenet: loss of health is comparable to losing a loved one –> move through stages of grieving to acceptance/adjustment

Stages:

1. uncertainty
2. disruption
3. striving for recovery
4. restoration of well-being

Question 9

criticism stage models

Answer 9

• creates false expectations
• fails to consider co-occurance of elements from different stages
• fails to incorporate that individuals will move forth & backwards between stages

Question 10

stress coping models

Answer 10

central tenet of person-situation interactions

interaction –> match between demands & resources

Question 11

Cognitive transactional model of stress (Lazarus)

Answer 11

• primary appraisal
• secondary appraisal

stress = mismatch between perceived demands and resources

Question 12

Stress coping model (Maes, Leventhal & De Ridder)

Answer 12

• situation dimension is well represented (when is it less common + specific factors of the chronic illness)
• appraisal of the situation is influenced by: disease characteristics & individual goals & values
• interactions with the context and personality
• dynamic - allows for continual updating of the illness representation and coping procedures

Question 13

Cognitive adaptation model

Answer 13

• searching for meaning,
• gaining sense of control,
• restore self-esteem,
• dynamic
• focus on acceptance and perceptions of control

Question 14

Denial & non-expression

Answer 14

initial a useful coping strategy but in the long term it is maladaptive = denial from stressor

Question 15

unresolved & inhibited emotion may lead to:

Answer 15

• rumination and worry
• raised levels of psychological stress
• delayed symptom recognition (and help-seeking behavior)
• non-adherence to treatment
• anxiety and depression

Question 16

acknowledgement and expression may lead to:

Answer 16

• better and faster processing of emotions
• aid insight and self reflection
• ease process of habituation
• may decrease emotional distress
• improve closeness to others/sense of connection

Question 17

informal caregivers

Answer 17

not financially compensated for their services

–> usually friends/family (female)

Question 18

Caregivers distress

Answer 18

negative effects of caregiving on outcomes:

• depression, perceived stress, well-being and self-efficacy
• stress-hormones & immunity
• subjective & objective global health

Question 19

Potential causes of caregivers distress

Answer 19

• high emo+physical demands of (long term) caring
• financial drain
• inability to ‘recharge’ the personal battery
• feelings of anger, guilt and/or grieve

^ may lead to emotional problems (not being able to take care of someone –> inappropriate behavior)