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Health & Medical Psychology > HC 1 > Flashcards

HC 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prevention model:
What are the three kinds of prevention? (No explanation)

A
  1. Primary prevention
  2. Secondary prevention
  3. Tertiary prevention
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2
Q

Primary prevention

A

= Preventing an illness, the target group is healthy people

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3
Q

Secondary prevention

A

= Tracing an illness in the early phase, for early treatment or prevention of more serious complaints. The target group is (healthy) people with an increased risk

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4
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

= Prevention of further complications and worsening of symptoms, the target group is ill people

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5
Q

Health behavior

A

WHO= state of complete physical, mental & social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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6
Q

Reductionisme & Biomedical model

A

Gedrag is te reduceren to het fysiek functioneren van het lichaam & ziekte heeft een pathologische oorzaak en kan worden verholpen door een medische behandeling

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7
Q

Bio-psychosocial model

A

Biology+psychology+social context = health

  • Body and mind in interaction determine health + illness.
  • Interplay of bio, psycho & social factors
  • They influence each other continuously
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8
Q

Incidentie

A

Aantal nieuwe gevallen van de ziekte per tijdseenheid

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9
Q

Prevalentie

A

Aantal mensen dat een bepaalde ziekte heeft op een bepaald moment

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10
Q

Alameda, 7 health factors for longevity:

A
  1. exercising
  2. drinking less than 5 drinks in one sitting
  3. sleeping 7-8 hours a night
  4. not smoking
  5. maintaining desirable weight for height
  6. avoid snacks
  7. eating breakfast
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11
Q

Types of health behaviors (Matarazzo), 2x

A
  1. behavioral pathogens - risk behaviors
  2. behavioral immunogens - protective behavior
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12
Q

Why influence health behaviors?

A
  1. related to mortality (death) & morbidity (unhealthy condition)
  2. socio-demographic and socio-economic differences increase
  3. prevalence of risk behaviors is high
  4. health behavior is not always an informed choice
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13
Q

Health behavior is not always an informed choice, influence on this can lead to adverse effects:

A
  1. increase in SES differences
  2. hardening (I don’t trust the government)
  3. stigmatising (shame & blame)
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14
Q

Idiosyncratic

A

“een eigenzinnig persoon” (odd, peculiar), characteristics that are unique to a person and determine e.g. how is dealt with disappointment etc.

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15
Q

Adherence

A

Patient listens to and follows medical advice.

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16
Q

How can we explain/ understand health behavior?

A
  1. getting MOTIVATED
  2. preparing for action & starting to change CAPABILITY
  3. staying on track
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17
Q

3 theories for getting motivated (changing behavior)

A
  1. health belief model
  2. social cognitive theory
  3. Theory of planned behavior
18
Q

Health belief model

A

= cognitive model

Demografische variabelen + psychologische karakteristieken + cues to action staan centraal.

Het is een afweging tussen de benefits en costs en de mate van threat perceived .

Angst staat ook centraal en bepaalt hoe erg & hoe waarschijnlijk iets is (dat het jou overkomt) en samen met response efficacy bepaalt het de kans op het optreden van gedrag.

19
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

“Social Learning”

Outcome expectations & self-efficacy expectations determine behavior and influence behavioral initiation & maintenance

20
Q

self-efficacy

A

An individual’s belief in his or her own capacity (capability) to execute behaviors necessary for specific tasks/ in specific situations and to attain the desired outcome

21
Q

Reasoned action approach/ Theory of planned behavior

A

Intentions = most proximal determent of health behaviors and is influenced by own attitude towards behavioral perceived norms (how others see it) & perceived behavior control (own beliefs over control)

22
Q

Instrumental attitude

A

positive - negative

23
Q

experiental attitude

A

how you experience it (more emotional)

24
Q

Injunctive norm

A

What you think you are ought to do (by others)

25
Q

Descriptive norm

A

Literal description of the behavior of others

26
Q

capacity autonomy

A

determine own beliefs about how much control you have over your behavior

27
Q

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan)

A

There are different sources of motivation, and people have three basic needs:
1. feel related
2. feel competent
3. feel autonomous –> determines diff. type of motivation

28
Q

amotivation

A

behavior irrelevant for the person

29
Q

Health action process approach (Schwarzer)

A

Motivation is not enough to make behavior happen. Change is more than motivation alone, there are lots of other factors.

Action plans + coping plans are an important step between intention and action

Believing in your abilities and action plans is a good predictor for future behavior

30
Q

Health action process approach: there are three phases, and in each phase people have different views about their own abilities.
What are these three phases?

A
  1. Motivational phase
  2. Volitional phase (wil fase)
  3. recover phase (herstelfase)
31
Q

Transtheoretical model

A
  1. thinking about it
  2. preparing for action
  3. taking action
  4. maintaining

Relapses or sliding backwards is not unusual and means that you’re not ready yet

32
Q

5 stappen in changing health behavior

A
  1. precontemplation (van plan om te blijven roken)
  2. contemplation ( misschien nadenken om te stoppen)
  3. preparation (minder vaak sigaretten kopen)
  4. action (ik ben gestopt met roken)
  5. maintenance (ik ben al enkele maanden gestopt)
33
Q

Dual process theories

A

Een gedachten kan op twee manieren ontstaan:
Bewust - onbewust (impliciet/expliciet)

VB: reflective/impulsive model

34
Q

Reflective impulsive model (Stack & Deutsch)

A

Both systems operate in parallel asymmetry. The impulsive system is always engaged in processing, and the reflective system may be disengaged because it requires a high amount of cognitive capacity

35
Q

Reflective system

A

explicit, controlled, conscious, reasoned

–> knowledge, facts, values
–> intentions

36
Q

Impulsive system

A

implicit, uncontrolled, unconscious, automatic, associative

–> habits
–> impulses

37
Q

Conflict between reflective and impulsive system:

A

When behavioral schemata are activated that are incompatible and inhibit one another

The solution of the conflict depends on the strength of the activation for each schema (habit strength)

38
Q

habit

A

Mental association between cue and goal directed response.

It develops when repeatedly performing a specific behavior in a stable situation.

VB: eating chips (behavior) when watching tv (cue). After repeatedly choosing chips: activation of ‘Chips” occurs automatically when turning on the tv without conscious intentions or planning.

39
Q

positive and negative sides of ‘habits’

A

Positive:
- efficient, you can use your attention and resources for other things
- easy, you don’t need to think about it or make difficult decisions

Negative:
- automatic activation, its difficult to change even if intentions change –> this has no effect on the strength + automatic nature of the cue-response association

40
Q

Difference in effect of intentions on no vs strong habits

A

No habits: large effect of intentions
Strong habits: weak effect of intentions

41
Q

Com-B model

A

“combination”
= integratie model for understanding (health) behavior

invloed van capability en opportunity op de motivatie. En een wisselwerking van deze drie op het gedrag.

Health & Medical Psychology (9 decks)

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