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Health & Medical Psychology > Extra aantekeningen > Flashcards

Extra aantekeningen Flashcards

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1
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Individuals will centrally process messages sooner if they are motivated to receive an argument:
- congruent with previous beliefs
- personally relevant to them
- they have the intellectual capacity to understand the message

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2
Q

Optimize effect of mass media (2 factoren)

A
  1. elaboration likelihood model
  2. peripheral processing
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3
Q

peripheral processing (= centrally process)

A

takes place when individuals are motivated for a particular argument

therefore: maximize the credibility and attractiveness of the source of the message by using indirect cues + information

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4
Q

Protection motivation theory

A

response to info depends on:
- severity of threat (= angst)
- and their ability to do something about it

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5
Q

Info framing

A

messages are more effective when they focus on positive aspects of behavior

NOT with mammography: angst werkt beter

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6
Q

Audience targeting

A

A genre message is often too general, people don’t feel dressed.

Better: make a separate message for each group or cover each group in the message

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7
Q

Stanford three towns

A
  1. No intervention
  2. Media campaigns
  3. one-on-one intervention

After a while 1 had the highest risk of CHD and 2 &3 had a similar effect

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8
Q

Why using the worksite to approach smaller groups (to promote health behavior)

A
  • reduces the health insurance costs
  • people stay sick less often

School is perhaps the most important place for (preventive) health intervention

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9
Q

System 1 and 2 (Kahneman)

A

“fast and slow thinking”

fast thinking: large capacity and autonomous from working memory

Slow thinking: small capacity and connected to the working memory (= inspanning & controle)

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10
Q

1st wave therapies
2nd wave therapies
3rd wave therapies

A

1: conditioning (Behavioral theories) Skinner & Pavlov

2: cognitions as the development and treatment of emotional problems

3: Combination of cognitive & behavioral adjustments (withstand the feared situation and find that its much less scary than expected)

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11
Q

2 concepts of Mindfulness

A
  1. self-regulation of attention

= focussing on the here and now, thoughts, feelings and emotions pass by and cannot be judged

  1. orientation towards one’s experiences

= curiosity, openness & acceptance

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12
Q

Acceptance & commitment therapy (ACT) increases an individual’s flexibility and focuses on:

A
  • acceptance of thoughts, feelings & sensations
  • cognitive difusión
  • contact with the present moment (open)
  • values: have motivation
  • commited action: make plans
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13
Q

How do patients benefit from information giving:

A

problem-oriented patients:
benefit most from info provision because they want to know what to expect

stress-avoiding coping:
prefer not to know anything because they’ll make it worse in their heads. They benefit most from learning distraction techniques

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14
Q

British heart foundation

A

“healthy workplaces are attractive workplaces”

decrease the incidence of cardiovascular diseases

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15
Q

why do organizations join a program such as the British heart foundation (asides from financial reasons)

A
  • boost morale (job satisfaction)
  • less absenteeism (workers are more healthy and motivated)
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16
Q

prevention type

A

1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary

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17
Q

response type

A

1 proactive
2 pro/potentially active
3 reactive

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18
Q

orientation type

A

1 preevntion/promotion
2 primarily prevention
3 reduction od negative consequences

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19
Q

focus type

A

1 all employees/ whole organization
2 employees at risk / organizational risk factors
3 employees with ill health or in need of assistance

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20
Q

Mission ‘Live for live’ (J&J)

A

give directions and resources to J&J employees and their families to result in healthier lifestyles and create a healthier system

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21
Q

Goal ‘Live for life’

A

cost containment

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22
Q

Live for life program

A
  • health screening and consultation
  • 3h lifestyle seminar
  • courses and self-help seminars
  • reward system as incentives
  • regular feedback & follow-up results
  • environmental measures
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23
Q

importance of environmental actions

A
  • give cues to action
  • facilitates health behavior & makes risk behavior
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24
Q

What makes the Stay Well program so different?

A

Use of socio-cultural processes:
-> more involvement of the employee
–> create a supportive environment for the behavior
–> create support groups

25
Q

organisational vs public health perspective (such as the heart foundation)

A

focus on the employee population to create changes on a more public/population level:

increase healthy lifestyles & reduce risk factors in the employee population –> reduce prevalence of e.g. cardiovascular disease and cancer

26
Q

sun safe workplace

A

reducing prevalence of skin cancer

27
Q

working well trial

A

reducing cancer

28
Q

seattle 5 a day

A

more fruit and vegetables consumption (2 fruit, 300gr veg)

29
Q

take heart

A

decreace CHD

30
Q

What does the sun safe workplace program entail

A

a sun safety program that promoted policy adaption and education to mediate and increase sun protection behaviors in outdoor workers

31
Q

Assessment of health risks with feedback (AHRF)

A

assessment/screening of health risks = a useful gateway activity to stimulate uptake of WHP interventions and promote health behavior

32
Q

How effective are the results of WHP programs? (AHRF)

A

strong/sufficient evidence:
- smoking
- fat consumption
- seat belt use
- high blood pressure
- total cholesterol levels
- high risk drinkers

insufficiënt evidence:
- overall physical fitness
- BMI
- fruit & veg. consumption

33
Q

Worksite nutrition & physical activity programs

A

had modest improvements in employee BMI but especially positive outcomes on absenteeism:

  • small improvements on organizational perspective
  • large improvements on public perspective
34
Q

The development of WHP programs (generations)

A

1 safety and quality of products
2 top management
3 medical risk factors
4 health behavior
5 ‘ health wellness’ programs

35
Q

New generation ‘health-wellness’ programs

A

1 focus on wellness next to physical health/absence of disease

Also a shift towards positive psychology movement: create work engagement, vitality and psychological capital (HERO)

2 sees workplace as an important determinant of employee health and wellbeing

36
Q

psychological capital HERO:

A

H- hope
E- efficacy
R- resilience
O- optimism

37
Q

Healthier work at Brabantia is a 5th generation health-wellness program

A

integratie WSHP + stress management & changing the job/work situation

–> focus on the total population & employees at risk

interventions on:
- idv. level high risk population
- idv. level total population
- organisational & environmental level (= interventions supporting lifestyle changes)

strong reduction on work absenteeism

38
Q

the participative action research approach

A

involves more employee participation

39
Q

how to increase the effectiveness of stress management programs

A

combine individual leven AND organisational leven interventions

40
Q

anatomical areas of the brain

A

hind, mid, fore & cerebrum

41
Q

Lazarus transactional model of stress

A

when people get into a new or challenging situation they come into a process of appraisal:
- primary and secondary

42
Q

primary appraisal

A

considers the quality and nature of the event:
1 harmful
2 threatening
3 challenging

later added:
1 degree of relevance
2 degree of congruence
3 ego involvement (influences the response)

43
Q

secondary appraisal

A

how can one’s sources be used to deal with the stressor? “How can I / what can I do to deal with this”

no/uncertain of resources = stress

Later added (Smith) approaches:
1. internal-external statements (responsibility) - anger or guilt
2. problem oriented coping - fear
3. emotional oriented coping - sadness & fear
4. expectations for the future - sadness

44
Q

Lazarus goodness of fit

A

stress occurs when there os no good combination of environmental and personal factors (=JDC model)

45
Q

Job demand control model

A

work requirements (demands)
controllability
predictability
ambiguity

46
Q

geniaal adaptation syndrom

A

stress is an attempt to maintain inner balance and homeostasis

47
Q

3 phase response process

A

alarm (raise blood pressure and heart rate)
resistance (adapt to stressor)
exhaustion (if resistance lasted too long)

48
Q

repression

A

suppress feelings and thoughts and is associated with unrealistically/comparative optimism

49
Q

monitors & blunters

A

pay attention and tackle stressor (seek info) & ignore source of stress (avoid info)

50
Q

3 phase model of seeking help

A

appraisal delay (having/not having symptoms)

illness delay (seek or not seek medical assistance)

utilization delay (time between determining that one needs help and actually visiting a doctor)

51
Q

process of shared decision making

A

choice
option
decision

52
Q

heuristics ‘rule of thumb’ leads to errors

A

availability

representativeness

potential “pay off” or differing diagnoses

53
Q

4 stages illness representations development

A

1 uncertainty - understand meaning/deverity of first symptoms
2 disruption - crisis, intense stress & dependence
3 strive for recovery of the self- gain control by using various forms of coping behavior
4 restoration of wellbeing - attained new equilibrium and accept the illness + consequences

54
Q

Leventhal 5 sets of attributes of illness threats

A

1 identity/label - disease specific symtoms
2 timeline/duration
3 causes - genetic/infection
4 consequences - fatal/painful
5 controllability - medical treatment

55
Q

hierarchical model of coping behavior

A

highest level - emo/problem/avoidant approach

intermediate level - coping strategies

lowest level - behavioural

56
Q

types of social support

A

instrumental - practical aid
emotional - caring & concern
informational - advice

57
Q

3 phases with regard to cancer

A

1 initial response - shock
2 dysphoria - see illness realistically
3 adaptation - patient adjusts more positively to this diagnosis and tries to develop coping strategies

58
Q

egan: identify and change triggers

A

1 problem exploration and clarification
2 (specific) goal setting
3 facilitating action

Health & Medical Psychology (9 decks)

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