Extra aantekeningen Flashcards
Elaboration likelihood model
Individuals will centrally process messages sooner if they are motivated to receive an argument:
- congruent with previous beliefs
- personally relevant to them
- they have the intellectual capacity to understand the message
Optimize effect of mass media (2 factoren)
- elaboration likelihood model
- peripheral processing
peripheral processing (= centrally process)
takes place when individuals are motivated for a particular argument
therefore: maximize the credibility and attractiveness of the source of the message by using indirect cues + information
Protection motivation theory
response to info depends on:
- severity of threat (= angst)
- and their ability to do something about it
Info framing
messages are more effective when they focus on positive aspects of behavior
NOT with mammography: angst werkt beter
Audience targeting
A genre message is often too general, people don’t feel dressed.
Better: make a separate message for each group or cover each group in the message
Stanford three towns
- No intervention
- Media campaigns
- one-on-one intervention
After a while 1 had the highest risk of CHD and 2 &3 had a similar effect
Why using the worksite to approach smaller groups (to promote health behavior)
- reduces the health insurance costs
- people stay sick less often
School is perhaps the most important place for (preventive) health intervention
System 1 and 2 (Kahneman)
“fast and slow thinking”
fast thinking: large capacity and autonomous from working memory
Slow thinking: small capacity and connected to the working memory (= inspanning & controle)
1st wave therapies
2nd wave therapies
3rd wave therapies
1: conditioning (Behavioral theories) Skinner & Pavlov
2: cognitions as the development and treatment of emotional problems
3: Combination of cognitive & behavioral adjustments (withstand the feared situation and find that its much less scary than expected)
2 concepts of Mindfulness
- self-regulation of attention
= focussing on the here and now, thoughts, feelings and emotions pass by and cannot be judged
- orientation towards one’s experiences
= curiosity, openness & acceptance
Acceptance & commitment therapy (ACT) increases an individual’s flexibility and focuses on:
- acceptance of thoughts, feelings & sensations
- cognitive difusión
- contact with the present moment (open)
- values: have motivation
- commited action: make plans
How do patients benefit from information giving:
problem-oriented patients:
benefit most from info provision because they want to know what to expect
stress-avoiding coping:
prefer not to know anything because they’ll make it worse in their heads. They benefit most from learning distraction techniques
British heart foundation
“healthy workplaces are attractive workplaces”
decrease the incidence of cardiovascular diseases
why do organizations join a program such as the British heart foundation (asides from financial reasons)
- boost morale (job satisfaction)
- less absenteeism (workers are more healthy and motivated)
prevention type
1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary
response type
1 proactive
2 pro/potentially active
3 reactive
orientation type
1 preevntion/promotion
2 primarily prevention
3 reduction od negative consequences
focus type
1 all employees/ whole organization
2 employees at risk / organizational risk factors
3 employees with ill health or in need of assistance
Mission ‘Live for live’ (J&J)
give directions and resources to J&J employees and their families to result in healthier lifestyles and create a healthier system
Goal ‘Live for life’
cost containment
Live for life program
- health screening and consultation
- 3h lifestyle seminar
- courses and self-help seminars
- reward system as incentives
- regular feedback & follow-up results
- environmental measures
importance of environmental actions
- give cues to action
- facilitates health behavior & makes risk behavior
What makes the Stay Well program so different?
Use of socio-cultural processes:
-> more involvement of the employee
–> create a supportive environment for the behavior
–> create support groups
organisational vs public health perspective (such as the heart foundation)
focus on the employee population to create changes on a more public/population level:
increase healthy lifestyles & reduce risk factors in the employee population –> reduce prevalence of e.g. cardiovascular disease and cancer
sun safe workplace
reducing prevalence of skin cancer
working well trial
reducing cancer
seattle 5 a day
more fruit and vegetables consumption (2 fruit, 300gr veg)
take heart
decreace CHD
What does the sun safe workplace program entail
a sun safety program that promoted policy adaption and education to mediate and increase sun protection behaviors in outdoor workers
Assessment of health risks with feedback (AHRF)
assessment/screening of health risks = a useful gateway activity to stimulate uptake of WHP interventions and promote health behavior
How effective are the results of WHP programs? (AHRF)
strong/sufficient evidence:
- smoking
- fat consumption
- seat belt use
- high blood pressure
- total cholesterol levels
- high risk drinkers
insufficiënt evidence:
- overall physical fitness
- BMI
- fruit & veg. consumption
Worksite nutrition & physical activity programs
had modest improvements in employee BMI but especially positive outcomes on absenteeism:
- small improvements on organizational perspective
- large improvements on public perspective
The development of WHP programs (generations)
1 safety and quality of products
2 top management
3 medical risk factors
4 health behavior
5 ‘ health wellness’ programs
New generation ‘health-wellness’ programs
1 focus on wellness next to physical health/absence of disease
Also a shift towards positive psychology movement: create work engagement, vitality and psychological capital (HERO)
2 sees workplace as an important determinant of employee health and wellbeing
psychological capital HERO:
H- hope
E- efficacy
R- resilience
O- optimism
Healthier work at Brabantia is a 5th generation health-wellness program
integratie WSHP + stress management & changing the job/work situation
–> focus on the total population & employees at risk
interventions on:
- idv. level high risk population
- idv. level total population
- organisational & environmental level (= interventions supporting lifestyle changes)
strong reduction on work absenteeism
the participative action research approach
involves more employee participation
how to increase the effectiveness of stress management programs
combine individual leven AND organisational leven interventions
anatomical areas of the brain
hind, mid, fore & cerebrum
Lazarus transactional model of stress
when people get into a new or challenging situation they come into a process of appraisal:
- primary and secondary
primary appraisal
considers the quality and nature of the event:
1 harmful
2 threatening
3 challenging
later added:
1 degree of relevance
2 degree of congruence
3 ego involvement (influences the response)
secondary appraisal
how can one’s sources be used to deal with the stressor? “How can I / what can I do to deal with this”
no/uncertain of resources = stress
Later added (Smith) approaches:
1. internal-external statements (responsibility) - anger or guilt
2. problem oriented coping - fear
3. emotional oriented coping - sadness & fear
4. expectations for the future - sadness
Lazarus goodness of fit
stress occurs when there os no good combination of environmental and personal factors (=JDC model)
Job demand control model
work requirements (demands)
controllability
predictability
ambiguity
geniaal adaptation syndrom
stress is an attempt to maintain inner balance and homeostasis
3 phase response process
alarm (raise blood pressure and heart rate)
resistance (adapt to stressor)
exhaustion (if resistance lasted too long)
repression
suppress feelings and thoughts and is associated with unrealistically/comparative optimism
monitors & blunters
pay attention and tackle stressor (seek info) & ignore source of stress (avoid info)
3 phase model of seeking help
appraisal delay (having/not having symptoms)
illness delay (seek or not seek medical assistance)
utilization delay (time between determining that one needs help and actually visiting a doctor)
process of shared decision making
choice
option
decision
heuristics ‘rule of thumb’ leads to errors
availability
representativeness
potential “pay off” or differing diagnoses
4 stages illness representations development
1 uncertainty - understand meaning/deverity of first symptoms
2 disruption - crisis, intense stress & dependence
3 strive for recovery of the self- gain control by using various forms of coping behavior
4 restoration of wellbeing - attained new equilibrium and accept the illness + consequences
Leventhal 5 sets of attributes of illness threats
1 identity/label - disease specific symtoms
2 timeline/duration
3 causes - genetic/infection
4 consequences - fatal/painful
5 controllability - medical treatment
hierarchical model of coping behavior
highest level - emo/problem/avoidant approach
intermediate level - coping strategies
lowest level - behavioural
types of social support
instrumental - practical aid
emotional - caring & concern
informational - advice
3 phases with regard to cancer
1 initial response - shock
2 dysphoria - see illness realistically
3 adaptation - patient adjusts more positively to this diagnosis and tries to develop coping strategies
egan: identify and change triggers
1 problem exploration and clarification
2 (specific) goal setting
3 facilitating action
