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Health & Medical Psychology > HC 5 > Flashcards

HC 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is stress good/bad?

A

depends on the amount of stress and the treat value + resources of an individual to cope with a stressful situation

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2
Q

Yekes-dodson law

A

the optimum level of arousal vs performance: there is an optimum level of arousal that results in the maximum performance

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3
Q

When is tress unhealthy?

A

when we chronically activate stress systems which are developed for the acute fight-flight situations

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4
Q

Allostasis

A

Achieving homeostasis (stability) through psychological & behavioral adaptation, in response to a challenge

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5
Q

Allostatic (over) load

A

demands > energy supply: system works too hard to try to achieve a balance –> slowly breaks down

Overload of psy. system due to wear & tear of the body e.g. during repeated or prolonged stress

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6
Q

prolonged or repeated release of physical responses to stress can have negative effects, consequences:

A

reinstatement tot normal body functions (homeostasis) may fail & system will wear out (excessive energy consumption during high stress)

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7
Q

two stress systems:

A
  1. SNS –> sympathetic nervous system

2. HPA –> hypothalamic agents

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8
Q

SNS

A

singaling agents: neurotransmitters –> (nor)adrenaline

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9
Q

HPA

A

signaling agents: hormones –> glucocorticoids (cortisol)

= hormones, endocrine system (blood)

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10
Q

Physiological stress response (SNS, HPA)

A

SNS–> short lived response-immediate action

HPA –> longer-term arousal

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11
Q

Difference sympathetic vs parasympathetic arousal

A 
sympathetic = activation
parasympathetic = relaxation
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12
Q

Feedback loops

A

when the stress has abated, feedback loops initiate an automatic turn off

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13
Q

prolonged stress response

A

if acute psycho stress system responses are repeatedly activated, tissue damage and diseases can occur

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14
Q

Stress and the brain

A

chronisch stress causes remodeling of dendrites and synaptic connections in may brain regions

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15
Q

psychological stressresponse in illness: direct & indirect effects

A

direct effect: slowing down cell repair in cancer patients

indirect effect: influence on behavior –> increased risk behaviors or illness perception (appraisal)

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16
Q

GAS - general adaptation syndrome (Selye)

A

stress is an innate drive to maintain homeostasis
3 stages:
1. alarm - initial response/increased arousal
2. resistance - adaptation & mobilisation
3. exhaustion - depletion of bodily resources

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17
Q

Types of stressors

A
  • transient (specific events –> stress)

* repeated or chronic (intermittent stress)

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18
Q

transient stress

A
  • acute time limiting stressors
  • traumatic events
  • (major) life events –> life events theory
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19
Q

repeated or chronic stress

A
  • daily hassles

- work-related stress

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20
Q

trait anxiety & stress exposure

A
  • partially mediates the stress exposure and PTSD
  • fully mediates this relation with depression

predisposition for psychopathology (ptsd, depression) mainly depends on trait anxiety + life events, but genetic variation of the HPA-axis and gender are also important

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21
Q

transactional model of stress (stress as a subjective experience)- (Lazarus)

A
  • cognitive appraisal is central

- interaction between an event (stressor) and individual characteristics

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22
Q

primary appraisal

A
  • perceived demands –> challenge or threat?

personal meaning of an event, consideration of quality & nature of event

Closely related emotions & dependent on motivational relevance/congruence and ego involvement

3 type of stressors:

  • harm-loss
  • threat (future harm/loss)
  • challenge (demands seen as opportunities for personal growth)
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23
Q

secondary appraisal

A

personal belief of capacity to reduce the stressor, consideration of resources (internal + external) and coping potential

24
Q

stress (cognitive transactional model of stress, Lazarus)

A

= mismatch between perceived demands and resources`

25
Q

Criticism lazarus framework

A

Perceived demands (primary appraisal) vs coping resources (secondary appraisal)

  • how do they interact? (circulatory)
  • are they separate concepts?
  • are they both necessary for explanation?
  • Do resources need to outweigh demands?
26
Q

Evolution cognitive appraisal theory of stress

A

Extent from conditions to emotions in a DYNAMIC interlinked manner,

27
Q

Personal and interpersonal influences on appraisals and stress responses

A
  • coping styles
  • personality
  • cognitions
  • emotions
  • social support
28
Q

Coping

A

anything a person does to reduce the impact of a perceived or actual stressor

29
Q

coping style

A

is a personal trait, unspecific to the stressor/context

30
Q

coping strategy

A

varies according to the event/context (= situation-specific)

31
Q

coping style: monitors

A

these people tend to approach problems, seek out threat relevant information

32
Q

coping style: blunters

A

they generally tend to avoid or distract themselves from threat relevant info

33
Q

Stress coping model

A

big role from: individual’s personal and social resources, and life goals

–> influences the degree to which a chronic illness is considered a source of psychological stress

34
Q

Two main coping strategies

A
  1. problem-focused

reduce demands of stressor/ increase personal resources & emotion-focused-managing the emotional response

  • confronting the source of stress
  • venting anger
  1. approach-oriented

coping and avoidance depends on source of stress
* distraction

35
Q

Adaptive coping

A

To be effective, amenable to change

36
Q

problem-focused & emotion-focused coping may be used together

A

problem focused/ approach oriented coping tends to be more adaptive when something can be done to alter or control the stressor event

Emotion-focused coping tends to be more adaptive, where control of event/resources are low

37
Q

How can personality indirectly influence disease risk & illness progression?

A
  • personality may promote unhealthy behavior. This is a predictive of disease –> indirect link on disease risk
  • personality may indirectly influence illness progression or outcome by influencing the individual’s appraisals
38
Q

relation personality (trait/type) - illness

A

Neuroticism:
attention to internal states and increased somatic complaints, negative affectivity which reflects a view of the self and world in general negative terms –> subjective illness experience

Optimism:
positive outlook/outcome expectancies, better coping, reduced symptom reporting/negative mood/depression & increased well-being
+ infleunces appraisals making problem-focused coping more likely

Hardiness (“taaiheid”):
from rich, varied and rewarding childhood, is seen in feelings of commitment, control and challenge
thought to be a buffer in the experience of stress (buffering effect)

39
Q

Personality type A

A

heart disease (coronary)

  • active
  • easily aroused
  • impatient
  • -> hostility + anger as predictors of illness
40
Q

Personality type C

A

Elevated cancer risk

  • passive
  • cooperative
  • repressed negative emotions
  • -> fighting spirit & hope (problem-focused)
41
Q

Personality type D

A 
cardiac events (angina)
- distressed: scoring high on negative affectivity and social inhibition
42
Q

(un)conscious stress

A

Humans prolong stress with verbal cognitive processes –> excessive stress anticipation

43
Q

Preservative cognitions

A

passive, repetitive & self-focused thinking about negative emotional states and implications

44
Q

Consequences of negative emotional states

A
  • worry:anticipation future events

- rumination: dwelling past events

45
Q

perceived control

A

control reduces stressfulness of an event by altering the appraisal; e.g. by reducing emotional arousal or adopting a coping response

46
Q

perceived locus of control

A

appraisal of control over the outcome, distinguishes between internal vs external loc

47
Q

Types of control (potentially helpful)

A
  • behavioral
  • cognitive (distraction)
  • decisional (choose between options)
  • informational (find out more about stressor)
  • retrospective
48
Q

hope

A

= a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successfulness

a. agency - goal directed energy
b. pathways - planning to meet goals

hope highlights motivation and route to achieving goals

49
Q

stress related illnesses (depression & anxiety) are related to worse health outcomes via:

A
  1. appraisals + coping actions
  2. unhealthy behavior
  3. direct physiological pathways
  4. feeling less able to seek social support
50
Q

emotional disclosure

A

short writing about feelings

  • -> possible moderator of coping
  • -> long-term benefits of reduced stress
  • -> low cost & easy intervention

! venting negative emotions is sometimes associated with poorer prognosis (increased attention paid to stressor)

51
Q

Types of social support

A
  • instrumental support (practical aid)
  • emotional support (caring, concern)
  • informational (advice)
52
Q

Direct & indirect effects of social support

A

Direct: greater self-esteem, confidence, self-efficacy & positive outlook on life. Reduced blood pressure reactivity & cortisol

Indirect: = buffering effect, protect against negative effects of stress by influencing cognitive. appraisal & coping responses –> social support promotes proactive coping, anticipating stressors and acting in advance either to prevent them or to mute their impact

53
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • pro-social neurohormone
  • affects social bonding processes and stress regulation.

= dependent on aspects of context and inter individual factors

54
Q

Interpersonal stress: social rejection & achievement-related tasks

A

women report higher levels of stress –> interpersonal stress: ‘tend-and-befriend’ stress

Men are more susceptible to stress related to achievement-related tasks (e.g. exams)

55
Q

Negative moderators

A
  • neuroticism
  • neg. affectivity
  • social inhibition
  • hostility & anger
  • perseveratie cognitions
56
Q

positive moderators

A
  • social support
  • optimism
  • hardiness (belief of control, feeling involved and challenged; buffering)
  • self efficacy
  • perceived loc
  • fighting spirit & hope

Health & Medical Psychology (9 decks)

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