HC 2

Question 1

The rubicon model of action phases

Answer 1

• motivation, pre-decisional: choosing
• volitional, pre-acting: planning
• Volitional, action: acting = intention implementation
• Motivation, post-factional: evaluating

Question 2

How can motivation be influences? Behavioral change theories

Answer 2

1. early theories: “it could happen to you”
2. later theories: “you can do it”
3. Newer theories: “if you only want to”
4. Newest theories: “stick to your plans”

Question 3

Early theories: “It could happen to you”

Answer 3

Health belief model + protection motivation theory

• perceived vulnerability
• perceived severity

Question 4

How can you induce fear? (fear= anticipated regret)

Answer 4

• information/persuasion

- Modeling

Question 5

Protection motivation theory (Rogers)

Answer 5

Iemand gedraagt zich adoptief in een reactie op een angstaanjagende boodschap als ze bewijs hebben dat zulk gedrag een bedreiging vermindert, en als ze geloven dat ze in staat zijn om dit te doen.

Question 6

Example: when is fruit intake the highest?

Answer 6

When a minority norm becomes a majority norm/provided norm (NO change when control)

Majority norms hebben de grootste invloed want er is meer identificatie met de normreferent groep

Question 7

Fear appeal

Answer 7

Persuasive communication that tries to scare people into changing their attitudes by conjuring up negative consequences that will occur if they do not comply with the message recommendations

Question 8

Difference motivational eand volitional phase?

Answer 8

Motivational phase = setting goals for specifying intentions

Volitional phase = from intentions to behavior

Question 9

Parallel process model (Leventhal) ??

Answer 9

Fear control = reduce emotion (denial, avoidance, distraction
Danger control = reduce negative consequences
Efficacy = hoe makkelijk gedrag veranderen of bedreiging vermijden

Question 10

Implementation intentions in terms of ‘volition’

Answer 10

= self regulation skill (making plans) - volitional phase

Question 11

Motivational phase

Answer 11

setting goals/intentions

Question 12

volitional phase

Answer 12

translate intentions into behavior

assumption = sufficient motivation

Question 13

Implementation intentions

Answer 13

A strong goal intention is often insufficient to ensure a change in behavior –> the “intention-behavior gap”

Question 14

Implementation intentions can help translate intentions into actual behavior:

Answer 14

• when
• where –> Als situatie x, dan goal directed behavior y
• how

Question 15

II (implementation intentions) can be effective:

Answer 15

• vergroot de activatie van de specifieke cue

- automatische activatie van een specifieke response

Question 16

behavior is determined by 2 systems: dual process theories

Answer 16

1. system 1: associative, impulsive, implicit, hot

2. system 2: reasoned, reflective, explicit, cool

Question 17

Hot-cold framework

Answer 17

In a neutral/ cold state the impact of hot cues (hunger, emotions) is underestimated

Question 18

How to disrupt unwanted habits:

Answer 18

• remove/avoid cue, getting ahead of unwanted habits or changing the environment/removing the cue
• utilizing (creating new opportunity)

Question 19

Nudging =

Answer 19

making use of impulsive processes alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or changing their economic incentives

= strategic use of mental shortcuts (biases, heuristics) + making use of impulsive processes

Question 20

Innertia

Answer 20

Tendency to do nothing or remain unchanged (e.g. when we favor the status quo)

Question 21

Libertarian paternalism

Answer 21

take individual’s own preferences seriously:

Example, nudging: steer people’s behavior in a private welfare-promoting direction - in agreement with their personal preferences

Question 22

Salience

Answer 22

hoe opvallende details van de visuele omgeving in de hersenen met voorrang worden behandeld

Question 23

Message effectiveness: social proof

Answer 23

very high effectiveness: ‘most guests in this room reuse’

why? The more similar the person providing social proof, the more believable.

Question 24

Why do we use nudges?

Answer 24

• no need for cognitive resources
• no need for strong motivation
• ## overall considered as highly acceptable