✅HAZARDS Case Study - Volcanoes, Montserrat Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Montserrat

A

A mountainous island in the Caribbean

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2
Q

What plate boundary is Montserrat at?

A

Destructive
North American plate and Caribbean plate

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3
Q

Volcano type and VEI

A

Composite due to plate boundary type
Cone
VEI 3-4 reasonably intense, due to its andesitic magma being viscous

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4
Q

Montserrat background

A

Small
Mountainous, plenty of woodland
population of 5,100 (was 11,000 before eruption)

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5
Q

Date, timeline

A

Warning signs in 1995, small eruptions and earthquakes
June 1997, pyroclastic flow buried the community at ‘Spanish Point’
Sept 1997, 74 eruptions
One of the eruptions released 4-5 million m^3 in 20 minutes

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6
Q

Features of Eruption

A

Pyroclastic flow and lahars

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7
Q

Economic impacts

A

Most buildings in the capital, Plymouth, destroyed
£1 billion in losses
Airport destroyed by pyroclastic flow
Exclusion zone set up, fishing boats not allowed near, affected industry

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8
Q

Social impacts

A

19 people killed by pyroclastic flow
2/3 of homes destroyed
by 1998, 70% of the population left
Universities destroyed

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9
Q

Environmental impacts

A

Vegetation and farmland destroyed
60% of the island was declared unsafe for human habitation
Ash improved soil fertility

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10
Q

How was Montserrat preparing for eruptions

A

Montserrat is a former British colony. The UK government didn’t even know it was a volcano. No emergency plans even after 1995 warning signs

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11
Q

Relief and rehabilitation

A

Evacuations to the underdeveloped North
£17 million in aid from UK

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12
Q

Reconstruction

A

Funded by UK, £41m donated
Montserrat Volcano Observatory set up to monitor the volcano and predict future eruptions
Much reconstruction prevented due to expectations that a massive eruption will occur that will wipe out the island
1000s new homes built

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