✅HAZARDS 3.1.5.1 - The concept of Hazards

Question 1

What is hazard risk?

Answer 1

The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place

Question 2

What are geophysical hazards?

Answer 2

A potentially damaging natural event or natural hazard

Question 3

What is an atmospheric hazard?

Answer 3

Include things such as oxygen deficiencies, dusts, chemical vapors, welding fumes, fogs, and mists that can interfere with the bodies ability to transport and utilize oxygen, or that have negative toxicological effects on the human body.

Question 4

What are hydrological hazards?

Answer 4

Extreme events associated with water occurrence, movement, and distribution.

Question 5

What are the cultural factors affecting hazard perception?

Answer 5

If people have lived in a dangerous place for generations, they have more knowledge and a very different perception of risk

Question 6

How do economic factors affect hazard perception?

Answer 6

In more developed parts of the world, people can be constantly educated in the risks of hazards, which can lead them to believe they’re worse than they really are.
In poorer parts of the world, people have very little to loose so are more relaxed

Question 7

What is an earthquake?

Answer 7

The shaking and vibration of the Earth’s crust due to movement of the tectonic plates

Question 8

What is a volcano?

Answer 8

An opening in the Earth’s crust which allows molten rock from beneath the crust to reach the surface

Question 9

What is hazard perception?

Answer 9

The way an individual understands and reacts to a hazard

Question 10

What is frequency?

Answer 10

How often a certain event occurs

Question 11

What is Magnitude?

Answer 11

The size/scale/weighting an event has

Question 12

What is Fatalism?

Answer 12

Russian roulette/optimistic approach. Hazards are ‘God’s will’ and losses are accepted. Lack of alternatives due to economic reasons. Events seem normal, people lived through them many times

Question 13

What is adaption/adjustment?

Answer 13

When a town or city starts to change their way of living p to fit natural disasters into their everyday lives. Buildings are changed, such as in Christchurch

Question 14

What is Prediction?

Answer 14

Knowing when a hazard will occur and can reduce death toll. Included seismic monitoring of volcanoes, measuring gas emissions, observing weather systems etc…

Question 15

What is Mitigation?

Answer 15

Any action taken to reduce or eliminate the threat to property or human life as a result of a natural hazard. Includes the ideas of adaptions and preparation, but also anything done on an individual level.

Question 16

What is risk sharing?

Answer 16

Spreading the risk reduces one individual/groups damage making it more acceptable. May also involve sharing financial burden and possible management strategies.

Question 17

What is management?
Example of differing management strategies

Answer 17

Little can be done, but often depends on wealth. Japan spends billions on its tsunami warning system while the Philippines relies on weather reports and wrapping belongings in cling film when typhoons hit

Question 18

What does the Park Model of hazard response do?

Answer 18

Considers how the standard of living and economic status of an affected area changes following an event

Question 19

What is social stability?

Answer 19

When a place is not affected by things such as civil war, corrupt governments, hazards etc.

Question 20

What is resilience?

Answer 20

How able a community is to adapt and recover

Question 21

What is emergency?

Answer 21

The state in which normal procedures are suspended and measures are taken

Question 22

What are the 4 stages on the Park Model?

Answer 22

Pre-disaster
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction

Question 23

What are the 5 stages in the hazard response cycle?

Answer 23

Hazard Event —> Response —> Recovery —> Prevention/Mitigation —> Preparation —> Hazard…

Question 24

What does relief comprise of in the Park model?

Answer 24

The immediate local and possibly global response in the form of aid, expertise and search and rescue.

Question 25

What does rehabilitation comprise of in the Park Model?

Answer 25

A longer phase lasting weeks or months, where infrastructure and services are restored, albeit possibly temporarily, to allow the reconstruction phase to begin as soon as possible.

Question 26

What does the reconstruction phase comprise of the in Park model?

Answer 26

Restoring the same or better quality o life as before the event took place, likely including mitigation’s against a similar level of disruption if the event occurs again.

Question 27

What does Preparedness comprise of in the hazard response cycle?

Answer 27

Education and public awareness to reduce human causes, adjusting behaviour to minimise the likely impact of the hazard. Knowing what to do in the immediate aftermath.

Question 28

What does response comprise of the in Hazard response cycle?

Answer 28

Dependent not he effectiveness of the emergency plan in place. Immediate response focuses on saving lives and coordinating medical assistance.

Question 29

What does recovery comprise of in the Hazard response cycle?

Answer 29

Restoring the affected area to something approaching normality. In the short term, restoration of services and in the long term, planning and reconstruction.

Question 30

Difference between a natural hazard, event and disaster

Answer 30

Event becomes a hazard when there is risk of damage.
Hazard becomes disaster when it has caused damage.
UN defines disaster as 10+ deaths, state of emergency declared.

Question 31

Economic factors that influence perception

Answer 31

Employment (e.g., farmers have good fertile soil near volcanoes, can’t/ don’t want to leave)
Government funding for the 3Ps

Question 32

Cultural factors that influence perception

Answer 32

Media
Religion (e.g., fatalism)
History (good/bad track record)

Question 33

What are the 3 Ps?

Answer 33

Prediction, Protection, Preparation

Question 34

Park Model

Answer 34

Park Model

Question 35

Pros of Park Model

Answer 35

Can easily be applied to case studies
Clear order of events

Question 36

Cons of Park Model

Answer 36

Assumes the country will return to normality
No spatial scale
Too simplistic - disasters are different
No metrics

Question 37

Example of how perception influences preparedness

Answer 37

Istanbul, in 1999 hit by 7.4 magnitude EQ, killed 17000
Another expected to hit in next 30 years
Constructions now designed with this in mind, e.g, new airport terminal should withstand 8.0 magnitude