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Animal Production 2 > Hatchery management > Flashcards

Hatchery management Flashcards

1
Q

Keys to poultry success

A

-most concentrated bird population- huge impact of their management practices

-quality of chicks

-disease status

-Where eggs come from? Will get eggs from a few farms that will be delivered to large number of farms

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2
Q

What is selected for when breeding?

A

-Environment

-animal welfare

-economy

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3
Q

What birds are selected for?

A
  1. Boiler breeders (parents of meat birds)
  2. Turkey breeders (parents of meat birds)
  3. Laying hen breeders (parents of egg layers)
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4
Q

Egg transmitted Flock diseases

A
  1. Salmonella pullorum
  2. avian encephalomyelitis
  3. mycoplasmas
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5
Q

Salmonella pullorum

A

very high mortality particularly in young chickens and turkeys (almost 100%)

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6
Q

Avian encephalomyelitis

A

-viral disease that causes ataxia and leg weakness

-sudden 5-10% drop in egg production and 5% decrease in hatchability

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7
Q

Hyperimmunization of breeder hens

A

*provides maternal transfer of antibodies

Induction of heightened state of immunity by admin of repeated doses of antigen
-used against infectious bursal disease (B cells affected) and chick anemia virus (T cells affected)

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8
Q

Breeding flock nutrition

A

-breeder diet is slightly higher in vitamins and protein to help fortify the egg for chick development

*infertility associated with deficiency in vit A, E, selenium
*excess crude proteins might reduce fertility
*deficiencies in vitamins and minerals may reduce hatchability

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9
Q

Egg temperature prior to incubation

A

-physiological zero from 10-18 degrees within 4hrs

-collect eggs 2-4x a day

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10
Q

Shell quality before incubation

A

-examine for cracks which will result in microbial contamination (disease associated with egg shell bacteria is not egg transmitted)

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11
Q

Egg storage prior to incubation

A

-primarily on the breeder farm OR at the hatchery

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12
Q

Egg cleanliness prior to incubation

A

Dispose of excessively dirty or cracked eggs
>dirty eggs often infected
>egg explosions during incubation or hatching
>Floor eggs- hen laid them on floor

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13
Q

Egg storage

A

Relative humidity= 70-80%

Location: best at breeder’s house

Temperature: physiological zero (10-18degrees)

Duration: shorter the better; longer storage affects total hatch uniformity and performance
*1wk-14days

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14
Q

Recommended storage temperatures

A

1-3 days: 18-21degrees

4-7d: 15-18 degrees

More than a week:10-12 degrees

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15
Q

Egg cleaning?

A

Often eggs are not washed because cuticle surrrounding egg is natural way to protect it

**Cleaning in hatching= microbe destruction through spraying or washing in disinfectant

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16
Q

Washing turkey eggs

A

Often wash turkey eggs because they are often dirtier

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17
Q

Natural incubation

A

Involves brooding

**we naturally select against broodiness because when they are brooding they are not laying eggs and therefore production decreases

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18
Q

Mechanical incubation set up

A
  1. Setting (setter/incubator)
  2. Hatching machines

**Different machines separated in hatchery. Allows for reduced contamination and staggering of hatch to allow for different hatching days

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19
Q

Incubator temperature

A

37.2-37.7 degrees

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20
Q

Hatcher temperature

A

36.1-37.2 degrees

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21
Q

Relative humidity of incubator

A

55-60% RH

28-31 degree wet bulb is set
=will result in higher actual temperature

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22
Q

Relative humidity of hatcher

A

71-80% RH

32-35 degree wet bulb is set
=will result in higher actual temperature

**will reduce the RH during the last several hours

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23
Q

Turning Eggs during Incubation

A

-min 8 times per day

-maintain central location of yolk in egg to prevent adhesion to shell membrane

-keep even heat distribution

24
Q

Ventilation of incubator

A

-individual machines and rooms are used to minimize risk of bacterial contamination

-remove CO2 and provide O2

-maintain temperature

25
Q

Egg orientation in incubator

A

-small end down
*natural incubation=on side

26
Q

Egg orientation in hatcher

A

Eggs are placed on their sides

27
Q

Malpositions of eggs

A

Proper position is head and beak tucked under the right wing. Typical location allows for the beak tooth to peck out of air cell at large end of egg and break shell

Malpositions:
Eg. head between thighs
Eg. head in small end of egg

28
Q

What happens in between the incubator and the hatcher?

A

-in vivo vaccinations

29
Q

When are eggs placed in hatcher?

A

Days 19-21
-placed in baskets which allow them to hatch and move around freely

30
Q

Hatch removal

A

-2% of chicks should be damp
-don’t want them to be dry because they may overheat, and be exposed to bacteria

31
Q

Incubator and hatching length for chickens

A

Incubator: 18 days

Hatcher: 3+

Total: 21 days

32
Q

Incubator and hatching length for turkeys

A

Incubator: 25 days

Hatcher: 3+ days

Total: 28 days

33
Q

Incubator and hatching length for duck

A

Incubation: 25 days

Hatcher: 3+

Total: 28 days

34
Q

Incubator and hatching length for geese

A

Incubator: 25 days

Hatcher: 5+

Total: 30+

35
Q

Broiler chick grading system

A

-check for beak defects, bloodied beak, poor feathering, mechanical pinch, large button naval/open navel (yolk is absorbed into abdomen and then should seal), open cuts on feet (meaning they sat in baskets too long)

36
Q

Sanitation and disease control

A

-isolation

-one way flow of eggs and other materials

-hatchery design and construction

-ventilation: independent rooms, and static pressure differences to influence air flow

-egg supply quality and cleanliness is critical

37
Q

Omphalitis in hatchlings

A

=mushy chick disease, navel infection, yolk sac infection

May be caused by egg source or poor hatchery sanitation

38
Q

How can you evaluate hatchery sanitation?

A

-culture

-sanitation monitoring

39
Q

Where is the site of fertilization?

A

At infundibulum

40
Q

Oviposition

A

Expulsion of the egg from the oviduct to the external environment

41
Q

How many cells does the ovary have?

A

30,000-60,000 cells

42
Q

Fertilization

A

**Right ovary functional
1.Infundibulum
2. Magnum
3. Isthmus
4.Shell gland
5. Vagina
6. Cloaca

43
Q

Ways to determine fertility

A
  1. Macroscopic- Open up egg to determine if it was fertilized. No incubation yet
  2. Microscopic- examination of fertility under microscope before incubation.

**Will see blastoderm if fertilization occurred!

44
Q

Incubation test

A

Can test fertility.
-if it fails to differentiate= early embryonic death from infertility

**most common way to test in industry. New research for microscopic test during early incubation

45
Q

% hatchability of total egg sets

A

-Does not indicate the reason for low hatchability (embryonic mortality or infertility)

**used in industry

46
Q

Pattern of embryonic mortality

A

Embryonic mortality follows a pattern. Peaks at early stages of incubation, then levels, and then peaks again at end of incubation

Early: embryo development, vessels end up collapsing= blood ring

Late: high energy needed to crack open the egg or malpositioned birds. Results in late mortality

47
Q

Expected hatchability

A

Egg/Layer breeders: 80-90%
-higher because selected for fertility traits

Broilers: 82-85%
-selected for production traits

Turkeys: 75-80%

**variability due to season, strain or bird

48
Q

Reproductive performance of breeder flock

A

reproductive performance will decrease with flock age

49
Q

Define hatching problem

A
  1. Establishing a fertility level or stage of embryonic mortality
  2. Hatch removal

3.Examine chicks

**all steps only conducted on a sample of eggs, either to examine a problem or as a routine method of monitoring breeder flocks

50
Q

Establishing a fertility level or stage of embryonic mortality

A

-Candle eggs at 5-10days of incubation
-Check egg classifications: clear, dead embryo/blood ring, live embryo

51
Q

Clear Egg

A

-infertile or early embryonic mortality (0-3days of incubation)
>differentiate infertility from early embryonic mortality
>define stage of early embryonic mortality

52
Q

Hatch removal

A

-break out eggs that have not hatched
>define stage of mid or late embryonic mortality

53
Q

Examine chicks

A

-note early brooding mortality of chicks on the farm

54
Q

Causes of low hatchability

A
  1. Fertility
    -nutrition, male to female ratio, disease, parasites, AI problem
  2. Embryonic mortality
    -egg handling and storage, improper setter and hatcher settings, disease, breeder age, nutrition, genetic factors (inbreeding)
  3. Common incubation problems
55
Q

Causes for losses in hatchability in broiler breeders

A
  1. Infertility 42%
  2. Early embryonic mortality 28%
  3. Mid term mortality 6%
  4. Late mortality and pips 24%

Animal Production 2 (19 decks)

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