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Animal Production 2 > Farrowing > Flashcards

Farrowing Flashcards

1
Q

Farrowing sows in crates

A

-Allows individual sow feeding
-Reduced preweaning mortality (crushes, injuries, savaging)
-allows for microenvironment for piglets (18-19 degrees, piglet creep 35 degrees at farrowing and gradually reduced)
-does not accommodate nesting behaviour

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2
Q

Farrowing crate requirements

A
  1. Length- long enough to allow sow to more forward and backward, lie down

2.Standing- sow must not tough top or sides of crate

  1. Sows must not be kept in crates for more than 6 weeks in one reproductive cycle

4.Needs to have area for piglets to retreat when sow moves

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3
Q

Standard disease control measures

A

-Sanitation (wash, disinfect, dry rooms prior to entry)

-rooms usually all in all out
>continuous flow (less common; seen in backyard farms, overflow rooms)

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4
Q

Piglet medications at birth

A

Discourage giving prophylactic meds to all piglets at birth or during lactation

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5
Q

Pre-farrowing procedures

A

1.Transfer sows to farrowing room at gestation d110-112

  1. Reduce feed intake when farrowing is imminent
  2. Scrape manure behind sows daily
  3. Raise room temperature to 21-23 degrees for farrowing
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6
Q

Dam Vaccination pre-farrowing

A

-Protection of post natal litter; enhance colostrum quality and passive immunity

-Lactations IgA and IgG (re-secreted)

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7
Q

Peri-parturitient cortisol surge

A

A natural rise in fetal cortisol is needed for farrowing induction and the maturation of fetal tissues

**Rapid spike 48 hours pre term

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8
Q

Effects of cortisol on fetus

A

-Liver: glycogen deposition

-GIT: antibody absorption

-Lung: surfactant production

  • Maturation of skeletal muscle (can result in splay leg if it doesnt occur)
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9
Q

Potential advantages to inducing sows

A

-Staff presence at farrowing to facilitate cross fostering and neonatal care

-reduce stillbirth piglets

-induce straggler sows over 116d gestation which helps maintain all in all out groups

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10
Q

Disadvantages of inducing sows to farrow

A

Risk of premature delivery

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11
Q

Products used to induce Farrowing

A

Natural of synthetic prostaglandin F2-alpha
-Lutalyse
-Planate

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12
Q

Routes of administration for farrowing induction

A
  1. IM neck (label claim)
  2. Vulvomucosal
    3.Lateral vulvar
  3. Peri-anal
  4. Abdominal oblique
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13
Q

Dosing schedule for farrowing induction

A

Two 1/2 dose injections 6hrs apart (8am, 2pm) to farrow the following morning

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14
Q

Signs of impending parturition

A

-Secrete milk
- Nesting behaviour, restlessness
-Reduced feed intake
-Raised rectal temp

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15
Q

Parturition

A

~4.5 hrs (+2.5 hrs)

-Pigs expelled every 25 mins (+25mins)

-Placenta is generally expelled after the last piglet

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16
Q

Fetal placenta

A

No exchange of fluids between sow and piglets blood

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17
Q

Stillbirth piglets

A

Full term fetuses that are alive until term, but die of hypoxia during a prolonged farrowing

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18
Q

Risk Factors for stillborns

A

-Higher parity sows
-Over conditioned sows (fat)
-Season (summer heat)
-Higher birth order (farrowing fatigue)

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19
Q

How to diagnose stillbrith from postnatal death?

A

Float lungs
-If born alive then lungs would float

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20
Q

Fetal mummification

A

Fetuses that die prior to term, but after skeletal calcification begins (~gestation day 30)
-inspissated remains of fetal tissues
-age determined by crown-rump length

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21
Q

Causes of fetal mummification

A

-Infections (ex. PPV, PRRSV)
-Non-infectious (ex. parity, litter size)

**Size matters- may provide clues to etiology

22
Q

Factors affecting litter size

A

-Parity
-Genetics (sow, boar)
-Breeding management
-Previous lactation (feeding. length)
-Previous wean-service period (nutrition)
-Disease- embryonic/fetal death losses

23
Q

Target birth weight

A

1.2-1.4kg

24
Q

Avg total born per litter

A

More than 14

25
Q

Avg. live born per litter

A

more than 12

26
Q

% of stillborns

A

6-8%

27
Q

% mummified

A

1-2%

28
Q

Factors affecting birth weight

A

-placentation and intrauterine spacing
-genetics and imprinted gene expression
-litter size
-gestational feeding (more gestation day 100)

29
Q

Birth weight variation

A

Occurs within a litter and between litters

30
Q

Establishment of lactation

A

*Suckling order established within 24hrs of farrowing

-Front and middle mammary glands are preferential. The hind glands have lower milk production

-Cannot add piglets to established litters

31
Q

Mammary involution

A

Reversible after day 1, but not after 3 days of not suckling

32
Q

Keys to encouraging healthy piglet care

A
  1. Encourage colostrum consumption
  2. Provide warmth (creeps)
  3. Reducing competition (cross fostering)
  4. Control infective diseases with proper hygiene
33
Q

Colostrum consumption

A

-Have diffuse epitheliochorial placentation
Therefore no transplacental IgG transfer

-Colostrum contains IgG and some maternal leukocytes

**primary protection for first 4-6wks

34
Q

Key risk factors for failure of passive immunity transfer

A

**Occurs when total IgG level is below 10 (g/L)

-Gilt litters
-Large litters
-Small birth weight
-Late birth order
-Hind teat
-Chilling

35
Q

Enhancing colostrum consumption

A

-Split suckle
-Hand feed (collect, supplement at risk piglets)
-Commercial bovine colostrum sustitutes

36
Q

Piglet chilling

A

Piglets lack brown fat reserves and rely on shivering for homeothermy

-Light birth weight pigs are at higher risk (large SA:mass)

37
Q

Ways to prevent chilling

A

-Increase farrowing room temp for 2-3 days after farrowing

-Dry piglets at birth (astringents)

-Provide supplementary heat (heat lamp, heat pad, mat, creep box)

38
Q

Piglet processing procedures

A
  1. ID by litter and pig
  2. Cross fostering
  3. Wolf teeth clipping
  4. Iron administration- needed because they are indoor and don’t get enough access to iron from sow
  5. Tail docking
  6. Castration (males)
39
Q

Tail docking and castration of piglets

A

Analgesics is required (NSAIDs, Anesthetics)

40
Q

Piglet ID

A

*Mainly performed in genetic supply herds (nucleus and multiplication)

-Use individual or litter ID
-Conducted at birth prior to cross fostering

41
Q

Methods for Piglet ID

A

-Ear tattoo
-Ear tags
-Ear notches (less common)- only performed when needed and piglets less than 14 days of age

42
Q

Teeth clipping

A

Clip wolf/needle teeth (deciduous razor sharp teeth)
-optional procedure
-use sharp side cutters
-either tip only or to gums

**discontinued in many farms

43
Q

Teeth clipping rules

A

-Only used if needed such as on aggressive piglets to prevent litters developing skin abrasions and localized dermatitis from excessive fighting= greasy pig disease

44
Q

Cross fostering

A

Transfer of piglets among litters to match the sow/litter with the compromised piglets needs
-sort litters for size and number at birth to 24 hrs of age to reduce competition
-Match litter size with maternal ability
-discourage fostering after week 1 but may be required for regrouping runt piglets or starve out piglets

45
Q

Iron administration

A

REQUIRED for rapid growth rates of piglets and to prevent clinical anemia

-sows milk deficient in iron
-piglets born with limited iron reserves
-no access to iron in soil because inside

46
Q

Tail docking

A

May be required..?
-Reduces tail chewing in nursery and grow-finish pigs

**EU moving towards banning procedure

47
Q

Tail docking procedures

A

**Dock to tail length 2-3cm

-need analgesics
-Use side cutters or butane powered cauterizer used
-generally performed before 3 days of age

48
Q

Piglet castration

A

Needed to remove boar taint
-adverse taste detectable by some people after cooking boar meat
-taint associated with male hormones (skatole, indole, androstenone)

Anesthetic and analgesics needed after 10 days of age, but most farms do it right away

49
Q

Non surgical alternative to piglet castration

A

Improvest anti-GnRH vaccine
-used on certifiable farms only
-2 administrations

50
Q

Pre weaning mortality

A

Mortality occurring between birth and weaning
-10-12% common (70% occurs in first 3 days of life, 50% related to trauma by sow)
-increases with increasing litter size and decreasing birth weight

51
Q

Pre weaning non infective mortality rates

A
  1. 50% from trauma from sow
  2. Low levels from starvation, low viability, chilling, savaging, spraddle legs
52
Q

Pre weaning infective mortality rates

A

-Arthritis, lameness
-scours, diarrhea

Animal Production 2 (19 decks)

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