Hasset Et Al (results and conclusions)

Question 1

1. Results for mean duration of interaction with each toys (male monkeys)

Answer 1

• Males had a significantly longer duration of intercation for wheeled toys compared to plush toys
• Mean duration of play for wheeled toys= 4.76
• Mean duration of play for plush toys= 0.53

Question 2

2.Results for mean duration of interaction with each toys (female monkeys)

Answer 2

• Females showed no significant preference for plush toys over wheeled toys
  *Mean duration of play for wheeled toys= 1.27
• Mean duration of play for plush toys= 1.49

Question 3

3.Results mean frequency of internaction with each toy (males)

Answer 3

• Males has a signficantly lower frequency of play with plush toys than females
• Mean frequency of play for plush (males)= 2.06
• Mean frequency of play for plush (females)=7.97

Males played much less with the plush toys than females in terms of freq

Question 4

4.Results mean frequency of internaction with each toy (males and females)

Answer 4

• Males and females showed NO signficant difference. In the frequency of interactions of the wheeled toys vs plush toys
• Mean frequency of play for wheeled (males) = 7.97
• Mean frequency of play for wheeled (females)= 6.96

They both played with the wheeled toys the same amount vs plush toys

Question 5

What is magnitude of preference?

Answer 5

• Magnitude of preference for sex-typical toys was calculated for all the monkeys (in terms of duration and frequency scores)

Question 6

How was the magnitude of preference calculated for males and females?

Answer 6

• MALES: Total frequency wheeled - Total frequency plush=
• FEMALES: Total frequency plush – total frequency wheeled=

The same calculations of difference scores were also completed for total

Question 7

Results: Magnitude of preference

Answer 7

• Males had a significantly higher frequency (magnitude of preference) score compared to the females. Males had a magnitude of preference score of 73% for wheeled toys compared to 9% for plush toy.
• Males had a significantly higher duration (magnitude of preference) score compared to the females.

Question 8

Results: Comparison to humans

Answer 8

• Gender differences in toy preference was found in both human children and monkeys.
• With males preferring masculine toys and females preferring feminine toys. With this preference more marked for males than females

Question 9

Results: Rank differences

Answer 9

• There were rank differences between the females only.
• Rank significantly positively correlated with frequency of interaction for both types of toys.
• Females with no preference ranked lower than the females with a plush preference.

Question 10

Conclusions (sex differences)

Answer 10

1. Sex-typed preferences in humans may be driven by biological differences because even without differences in socialisation, monkeys showed preferences similar to human infants.

Question 11

Conclusions (toy prefferences)

Answer 11

• Male monkeys similar to boys, have a strong preference for masculine-type toys. Whereas, female monkeys are more variable in their toy preferences.
• Toy preferences reflect behavioural and cognitive biases which have been influenced by hormones