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Histology One > Hard :( > Flashcards

Hard :( Flashcards

1
Q

what is the aim of clearing

A

to replace alcohol with something that paraffin wax is soluble with

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2
Q

what is embedding

A

fresh wax is poured over and left to solidify

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3
Q

what is the benefit of embedding

A

makes labelling the specimen easier and easier to cut thinly

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4
Q

why is the thin sections of tissue put in a warm bath

A

to get rid of any any creases from the tissue

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5
Q

what colour does basic and acdic stain go

A

adaic stain - red or pink
basic - blue or purple

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6
Q

what is the charge of basic and acdic stains

A

aididic - negatively
basic stains - positvevly

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7
Q

PAS

A

glycoproteins

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8
Q

Masson Trhicome

A

muscular stroma in the tissue

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9
Q

what is the cells of the four basic tissue types

A

epithelial - aggreated polyhedral cells
connective - wandering and fixed
nervous - interwining elgonated
muscle - elognatd contractile

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10
Q

what is the amount of extracellular matrix in all of them

A

Ep - small
CT - Alot
Ne - non
Mc - intermediate

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11
Q

what is the cilia formed by

A

microtubule arrangement of the cell cytoskeleton

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12
Q

what is keratin made up of

A

dead squamous cell layers that form the stuctural poritens

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13
Q

simple squamous example

A

inner surface of the cornea
browman capsule of the kidney

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14
Q

simple cuboidal example

A

kidneym + thryoid gland filled follicles

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15
Q

simple columnar epithelium example

A

lining of the intestines

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16
Q

columnar ciliated example

A

fallopian tube

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17
Q

pesuostratied epithelia ciliated with goblet cells example

A

respiratory epithelium / linning of the trachea

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18
Q

what is the order of the junction table

A

major link protien
extracellular ligands
cytoskeleton compoenents
intracellular attachment protiens

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19
Q

where do gap junctions lie

A

beanth the zonal occludens and zonal adherins in most epithelial and cardiac muscle cells

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20
Q

what are 6 protien units together called

A

connexone that formws a communicating junctions

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21
Q

what is another name for the desmosome

A

macula adherence

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22
Q

what is a hemi desosome

A

half of a structure of the desmosome

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23
Q

examples of exocrine gland and ednocrine glands

A

salivary , lacrimal , mammary , liver , brunners , sweat and sebaceous
pituriary, throid, thymus, adrenal , ovaries/ testes

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24
Q

examples of solid organs made up of epithelium

A

liver, pancreas, anterior pituriarty gland and salivary gland

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25
Q

what does pale fibroblasts nuclei mean

A

DNA is active and opened up for transcription and translation

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26
Q

how do leukocytes contraction of a wound

A

producing collagen fibres and tugging the edges of the wound to draw them together

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27
Q

what is diapedesis

A

leukocyutes squeeze themslesves in ebtween endothelial cells of the blood vessel

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28
Q

what can macrophages also be dervied from (non main)

A

mesenchyme

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29
Q

what is abduent in the cytoplasm around marcophages
what are these useful for

A

lysomes and pahlysoomes
digest facotyose and breakdown substances while clearing away any debris

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30
Q

what is the cytoplasm of mast cells got

A

basophillic secretory granules

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31
Q

what does the location of mast cells near small blood vessels allow

A

perform sentienl function for host defence

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32
Q

what are mast cells sentive to - what do they do when they detect a forgeiin substance

A

rapidly release their contents

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33
Q

where are lympcoytes found

A

in the digestive tract of connective tissue

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34
Q

what does lympcohtyes and b lymnphocytes give rise to

A

plasma

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35
Q

what is the clock face of plasma

A

perioheral regions of heterchromatin alternating with lighter areas of eurohcromatin

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36
Q

what is the function of plasma

A

produce antibodies

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37
Q

what do the antiobdies of plasma do

A

neturrlaize harmful antigens
render toxins harmless
promote phagocytosis
protect the body from microgoraism

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38
Q

how is collagen formed

A

by fibroblasts that form three polypeptide chains that self assemble
known as a triple helix arrangement

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39
Q

what pregenatge of protiens in the body is collagen

A

40%

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40
Q

what is the tissue distrubution of the different types of collagen

A

I - skin bone dentin tendon and ligaments
II - cartilgae - invertberal disc and viterous body
III - skin blood vessels and internal organs
IV - basal laminae

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41
Q

what does reticular fibres make the internal scaffolding for

A

liver
lymph nodes
spleen
bone marrow

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42
Q

how are reticular fibres syntehised

A

fibroblasts and later replcaed by type I collagen

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43
Q

what are the two main components of the reticular fibres

A

stroma and the parenchyma

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44
Q

what does the elastin and fibrillin form

A

random coils

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45
Q

where is elastic fibres found

A

blood vessels , mesentery , lungs

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46
Q

what does the elastic arteries help

A

smooth the pulsatile flow of the blood

47
Q

glycosamiglycans

A

repaeting dissachride units form a polysacchride
bound to a core protien and form protelgycans
give turgor and diffusion of extracellualr matrix
ketrain and herpain sulfate and hyalurionic acid

48
Q

proteoglycans

A

composed of core protien and combo of sulfated GAG
rer goli and vesicles
hydrophillic - caroxyl hydroxyl and sulpahte
trap water and resist compression

49
Q

glycoprotiens

A

bind to surface cells (intergrin) and ECM (collagen)
help estbalish cotinunity of cytoskeleton and ECM
Fibronectin , Laminin (basal lamina) chondronetcin and osteonectin

50
Q

where is the functions of connective tissue taking place

A

mechical support (stroma solid organs)
attachment and protection (tendons and ligaments)
highway for nrutiens (loose ct)

51
Q

what type of connective tissue is special

A

bone

52
Q

what does mesenchyme form

A

fibroblsts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes along with growht factors and cytokines

53
Q

what can mesenymal cells do

A

invade and migrate through ECM to help transportion - like with in endothelium it is known as peicytes

54
Q

what is adipose tissue senseitive to

A

hormonal and nervous stimuli

55
Q

function of adipose tissue

A

subcatneous - shapes the body
deposists - shock absrobers
elsewhere - keeps tissue position

56
Q

where is brown fat moslty found

A

fetus and neonate

57
Q

what does type IV (basal lamina) not form

A

fibrils

58
Q

aposisitonal growth

A

perichondrium forms chondrogrenic cells
differenaite into chondroblasts
these depoist a layer of matrix into the periphery of the cartialge
later stage allows thickening of cartialge

59
Q

intersistial growth

A

chondrocytes mitiocially divide and secrte cartialge matrix
become isolted in their own indvidual lacunae
early stage as once they contous they lose their ability to divide

60
Q

small injury

A

chodnrgeic cells of the perichodmrium form chondroblasts that migrate to the area and repair the defect

61
Q

large injury

A

pericohondrium cannot do
Perichodnral fibrobalsts produce scar of dense connective tissue

62
Q

what layers of hyaline cartialge

A

outer - collagen fibres and fibroblasts
it has vessels nerves and lymphastics
inner - fibroblasts cells called chondrogenic cells and devoid of vessels

63
Q

what does basophillic cytoplasm usually mean

A

RER and golgi present for producing somethijng

64
Q

what is the composition of Hyaline

A

75% water 25% organic material
60% type II (3d meshwork)
40% proteglycans (chondrinin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyaluonic acid)

65
Q

what makes terriortial and interttioral matrix different

A

distance to protelgycans

66
Q

distribution
hyaline
elastic
fibroblasts

A

articularing artialge , costal cartialge, nasal cartilage, cricoid, thryoid and artytenoid cartialge of layrnx , trachea and bronchi
pinna of the ear , epiglottis and auditory tube
intervertbreal disc , pubic symphysis, intraarticular disc of tmj and sternocalviular joint

67
Q

what does fibrocartialge develop from
what is the chondrocytes dispered in
how are they arragned

A

fibroblasts
bundles of type I collagen
parallele rows 2,4 or 6

68
Q

composition of bone

A

23% type I collagen
2% non collagen protiens
65% bioapitte
10% water

69
Q

what do osteoblasts with vesciles contain

A

alkaline phophate

70
Q

what do osteoid and matrix vesciles form in bone mineralisation

A

osteoid - type I collagen gclyprotiens and glyoprotiens
vesicles - alkaline phopshate

71
Q

what is a resporbotion bay

A

osteclasts lie in a dreperession or cyprt during bone resportion

72
Q

what is the periosteum (bone)

A

surronds bone expect articular surface
periosteum - dense connective tissue sheath
layers - outer and inner (osteprointor cells and osteoblasts)

73
Q

endoesteum (bone)

A

lines the large internal marrow cavities of bone
single layer of connective tissue
flattened osteoprointor cells and osteoblasts

74
Q

where are osteons found

A

in cortical bone (compact)

75
Q

Why is it also called trabecular bone

A

finger projections towards the marrow cavities

76
Q

what is the external circumferential lamellae

A

outermost arrnagement of the lamellae

77
Q

where are pentertating vessels found

A

volkmans canal

78
Q

where do osteocytes sit in cortical bone

A

canalilci

79
Q

what is uncommon in trabecualr bone
thin struts

A

haervisan cannals
osteocytes can survive via diffusin of bone marrow

80
Q

cutting bone - what does osteobalsts secrete

A

osteoids

81
Q

what is the intersisital lamellae

A

area between osteons

82
Q

what is the osteon in the process of forming called

A

resportion canal

83
Q

in muscle cells what is the cell membrane called

A

scarolemna

84
Q

how does muscle fibres form

A

mesenchyme of the mesoderm differentiate to form myoblasts
form together to form myotubes
nulcei pushed to the scarolemna
then form myofibrils

85
Q

what is the layers around muscle fribres

A

epimysium perimysium and endomyisum (last two contain firboblasts)

86
Q

types of skeletal muscle

A

type I - slow red oxidative (mitchochondria and mylgoib)
type IIA - fast intermiedate oxidative glyotic fibres
Type IIb - fast white glyoctic fibres

87
Q

what is a myotendinous junction

A

collagen of a tendon attaches to the of a muscle fibre at a spexlciased junction

88
Q

what is a spindle
what do they contain

A

special sense to provide information about stretch they contain intrafusal fibres and extrafusal fibres

89
Q

what is chnages in extrafsual fibres do

A

send to muscle spindles that trans[roted to the spinal cord

90
Q

how long are the skeletal muscle

A

50 - 100 um

91
Q

what foorms the primtiive heart tube

A

mesoderm

92
Q

what holds the branching fibres of the cardiac muscle togeyther
what does it have
what does it allow

A

intercalated disc (have desmomes and adherent junctions)
smooth blood flow

93
Q

why does cardaic muscle only have a dyad

A

t tubules are numberous but the SR is less defined

94
Q

what is the length of smooth muscle

A

5 um to 20 - 500 um

95
Q

what is teh thick and thin filament organisation in the smooth muscle

A

actin and myosin have a lattice netowrk
calmoudlin instead of troponin
MLCK which phophayltes mysoin
and intermaited filaments are desmin and vimentin

96
Q

where does f actin and intermeidate filament insert in smooth muscle
what does this help

A

dense bodies which can be membrane or cytoplasmic assocaited
help contractile force of adjacent smooth muscle and their surronding network of reticular fibres

97
Q

how does smooth muscle contractions work

A

regualted by autonomic nerves
lacks neruomscualr junction
nerve supply serves to modfiy acitvity
anatongitc adrengeic and chloregnic endings

98
Q

what does grey and white matter of the brain contain

A

grey nuerones , cell processes synpases and support cells
white matter - axons and their support cells

99
Q

spinal white and grey matter

A

white - axons, myelin sheaths and blood vessles
grey neutrophil (neuronal and glical cells)

100
Q

what are the two types of nerve gnaglia

A

dorsal root and autonomic ganglia

101
Q

what does the gnaglia of the neuroal relay of the PNS contain

A

neurone cell bodies )cytoplasm and nissl)
support cells (staellite and schwann cells)
axons (loose fibrcollagenous connective tissue)

102
Q

what is an axon

A

collection of axons linked together
sensory or motrow
meylin or no

103
Q

what is a perhieal nerve composed of

A

axon schwann cell fibroblasts and blood vessels

104
Q

different parts of the spinal cord

A

ventral and dorsal horn and medial fissue and central canal

105
Q

what is a bundle of axons

A

fascile

106
Q

what is the surrondings of axons

A

epinerium, perinerium and endoneruium

107
Q

what are the two plexus of enteric nervous system

A

submosa and muscilar externa

108
Q

spiraling of the meylin

A

each invades the axon so that the outer and inner membrane of the schwann cell is connected by a double fold of the mesoaxon
each axon is ingeated by the schwann cell
double membrane is formed called a mesoaxon
nuscleus is middle internodal segment

109
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal are in ossfifcation centres and differeitate into osteoblasts
these secret oestroids
these separate but keep their connection with the canciluli forms oestrocytes
bony tissue fuses and leads to trabeculae (primary bone)
periosteum forms
the lamellar bone replcaes woven bone as compact and spongy bone form

110
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

haline with osteoblasts (from perichondrium) produce bone forming cells
form the perihonroium surrounds the bone it is called periosteum
begin to produce alkaline phosphate
bone imedes diffusion of oxygen and nutrients and promoted degernative changes
calcification of the bone matrix stops diffusion leads to chondrocyte cell death

111
Q

epiphyseal growth plate

A

zone of resting cartilage
zone of proliferating cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
zone of calficifed cartilage
zone of ossification

112
Q

stages of bone repair

A

hematoma formation (removed by marcophages)
fibrocartilaginous callus formation (via periosteum and enosteum)
bony callus formation (via ossification)
bone remodelling (pressure)

113
Q

diseases of the bone

A

Oestroproesis - weakening bone
paget’s disease - uncontrolled osteoclasts
Osteomalcia - failure of osteaoids to minerlsize

Histology One (14 decks)

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