Hard :( Flashcards
what is the aim of clearing
to replace alcohol with something that paraffin wax is soluble with
what is embedding
fresh wax is poured over and left to solidify
what is the benefit of embedding
makes labelling the specimen easier and easier to cut thinly
why is the thin sections of tissue put in a warm bath
to get rid of any any creases from the tissue
what colour does basic and acdic stain go
adaic stain - red or pink
basic - blue or purple
what is the charge of basic and acdic stains
aididic - negatively
basic stains - positvevly
PAS
glycoproteins
Masson Trhicome
muscular stroma in the tissue
what is the cells of the four basic tissue types
epithelial - aggreated polyhedral cells
connective - wandering and fixed
nervous - interwining elgonated
muscle - elognatd contractile
what is the amount of extracellular matrix in all of them
Ep - small
CT - Alot
Ne - non
Mc - intermediate
what is the cilia formed by
microtubule arrangement of the cell cytoskeleton
what is keratin made up of
dead squamous cell layers that form the stuctural poritens
simple squamous example
inner surface of the cornea
browman capsule of the kidney
simple cuboidal example
kidneym + thryoid gland filled follicles
simple columnar epithelium example
lining of the intestines
columnar ciliated example
fallopian tube
pesuostratied epithelia ciliated with goblet cells example
respiratory epithelium / linning of the trachea
what is the order of the junction table
major link protien
extracellular ligands
cytoskeleton compoenents
intracellular attachment protiens
where do gap junctions lie
beanth the zonal occludens and zonal adherins in most epithelial and cardiac muscle cells
what are 6 protien units together called
connexone that formws a communicating junctions
what is another name for the desmosome
macula adherence
what is a hemi desosome
half of a structure of the desmosome
examples of exocrine gland and ednocrine glands
salivary , lacrimal , mammary , liver , brunners , sweat and sebaceous
pituriary, throid, thymus, adrenal , ovaries/ testes
examples of solid organs made up of epithelium
liver, pancreas, anterior pituriarty gland and salivary gland
what does pale fibroblasts nuclei mean
DNA is active and opened up for transcription and translation
how do leukocytes contraction of a wound
producing collagen fibres and tugging the edges of the wound to draw them together
what is diapedesis
leukocyutes squeeze themslesves in ebtween endothelial cells of the blood vessel
what can macrophages also be dervied from (non main)
mesenchyme
what is abduent in the cytoplasm around marcophages
what are these useful for
lysomes and pahlysoomes
digest facotyose and breakdown substances while clearing away any debris
what is the cytoplasm of mast cells got
basophillic secretory granules
what does the location of mast cells near small blood vessels allow
perform sentienl function for host defence
what are mast cells sentive to - what do they do when they detect a forgeiin substance
rapidly release their contents
where are lympcoytes found
in the digestive tract of connective tissue
what does lympcohtyes and b lymnphocytes give rise to
plasma
what is the clock face of plasma
perioheral regions of heterchromatin alternating with lighter areas of eurohcromatin
what is the function of plasma
produce antibodies
what do the antiobdies of plasma do
neturrlaize harmful antigens
render toxins harmless
promote phagocytosis
protect the body from microgoraism
how is collagen formed
by fibroblasts that form three polypeptide chains that self assemble
known as a triple helix arrangement
what pregenatge of protiens in the body is collagen
40%
what is the tissue distrubution of the different types of collagen
I - skin bone dentin tendon and ligaments
II - cartilgae - invertberal disc and viterous body
III - skin blood vessels and internal organs
IV - basal laminae
what does reticular fibres make the internal scaffolding for
liver
lymph nodes
spleen
bone marrow
how are reticular fibres syntehised
fibroblasts and later replcaed by type I collagen
what are the two main components of the reticular fibres
stroma and the parenchyma
what does the elastin and fibrillin form
random coils
where is elastic fibres found
blood vessels , mesentery , lungs
what does the elastic arteries help
smooth the pulsatile flow of the blood
glycosamiglycans
repaeting dissachride units form a polysacchride
bound to a core protien and form protelgycans
give turgor and diffusion of extracellualr matrix
ketrain and herpain sulfate and hyalurionic acid
proteoglycans
composed of core protien and combo of sulfated GAG
rer goli and vesicles
hydrophillic - caroxyl hydroxyl and sulpahte
trap water and resist compression
glycoprotiens
bind to surface cells (intergrin) and ECM (collagen)
help estbalish cotinunity of cytoskeleton and ECM
Fibronectin , Laminin (basal lamina) chondronetcin and osteonectin
where is the functions of connective tissue taking place
mechical support (stroma solid organs)
attachment and protection (tendons and ligaments)
highway for nrutiens (loose ct)
what type of connective tissue is special
bone
what does mesenchyme form
fibroblsts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes along with growht factors and cytokines
what can mesenymal cells do
invade and migrate through ECM to help transportion - like with in endothelium it is known as peicytes
what is adipose tissue senseitive to
hormonal and nervous stimuli
function of adipose tissue
subcatneous - shapes the body
deposists - shock absrobers
elsewhere - keeps tissue position
where is brown fat moslty found
fetus and neonate
what does type IV (basal lamina) not form
fibrils
aposisitonal growth
perichondrium forms chondrogrenic cells
differenaite into chondroblasts
these depoist a layer of matrix into the periphery of the cartialge
later stage allows thickening of cartialge
intersistial growth
chondrocytes mitiocially divide and secrte cartialge matrix
become isolted in their own indvidual lacunae
early stage as once they contous they lose their ability to divide
small injury
chodnrgeic cells of the perichodmrium form chondroblasts that migrate to the area and repair the defect
large injury
pericohondrium cannot do
Perichodnral fibrobalsts produce scar of dense connective tissue
what layers of hyaline cartialge
outer - collagen fibres and fibroblasts
it has vessels nerves and lymphastics
inner - fibroblasts cells called chondrogenic cells and devoid of vessels
what does basophillic cytoplasm usually mean
RER and golgi present for producing somethijng
what is the composition of Hyaline
75% water 25% organic material
60% type II (3d meshwork)
40% proteglycans (chondrinin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyaluonic acid)
what makes terriortial and interttioral matrix different
distance to protelgycans
distribution
hyaline
elastic
fibroblasts
articularing artialge , costal cartialge, nasal cartilage, cricoid, thryoid and artytenoid cartialge of layrnx , trachea and bronchi
pinna of the ear , epiglottis and auditory tube
intervertbreal disc , pubic symphysis, intraarticular disc of tmj and sternocalviular joint
what does fibrocartialge develop from
what is the chondrocytes dispered in
how are they arragned
fibroblasts
bundles of type I collagen
parallele rows 2,4 or 6
composition of bone
23% type I collagen
2% non collagen protiens
65% bioapitte
10% water
what do osteoblasts with vesciles contain
alkaline phophate
what do osteoid and matrix vesciles form in bone mineralisation
osteoid - type I collagen gclyprotiens and glyoprotiens
vesicles - alkaline phopshate
what is a resporbotion bay
osteclasts lie in a dreperession or cyprt during bone resportion
what is the periosteum (bone)
surronds bone expect articular surface
periosteum - dense connective tissue sheath
layers - outer and inner (osteprointor cells and osteoblasts)
endoesteum (bone)
lines the large internal marrow cavities of bone
single layer of connective tissue
flattened osteoprointor cells and osteoblasts
where are osteons found
in cortical bone (compact)
Why is it also called trabecular bone
finger projections towards the marrow cavities
what is the external circumferential lamellae
outermost arrnagement of the lamellae
where are pentertating vessels found
volkmans canal
where do osteocytes sit in cortical bone
canalilci
what is uncommon in trabecualr bone
thin struts
haervisan cannals
osteocytes can survive via diffusin of bone marrow
cutting bone - what does osteobalsts secrete
osteoids
what is the intersisital lamellae
area between osteons
what is the osteon in the process of forming called
resportion canal
in muscle cells what is the cell membrane called
scarolemna
how does muscle fibres form
mesenchyme of the mesoderm differentiate to form myoblasts
form together to form myotubes
nulcei pushed to the scarolemna
then form myofibrils
what is the layers around muscle fribres
epimysium perimysium and endomyisum (last two contain firboblasts)
types of skeletal muscle
type I - slow red oxidative (mitchochondria and mylgoib)
type IIA - fast intermiedate oxidative glyotic fibres
Type IIb - fast white glyoctic fibres
what is a myotendinous junction
collagen of a tendon attaches to the of a muscle fibre at a spexlciased junction
what is a spindle
what do they contain
special sense to provide information about stretch they contain intrafusal fibres and extrafusal fibres
what is chnages in extrafsual fibres do
send to muscle spindles that trans[roted to the spinal cord
how long are the skeletal muscle
50 - 100 um
what foorms the primtiive heart tube
mesoderm
what holds the branching fibres of the cardiac muscle togeyther
what does it have
what does it allow
intercalated disc (have desmomes and adherent junctions)
smooth blood flow
why does cardaic muscle only have a dyad
t tubules are numberous but the SR is less defined
what is the length of smooth muscle
5 um to 20 - 500 um
what is teh thick and thin filament organisation in the smooth muscle
actin and myosin have a lattice netowrk
calmoudlin instead of troponin
MLCK which phophayltes mysoin
and intermaited filaments are desmin and vimentin
where does f actin and intermeidate filament insert in smooth muscle
what does this help
dense bodies which can be membrane or cytoplasmic assocaited
help contractile force of adjacent smooth muscle and their surronding network of reticular fibres
how does smooth muscle contractions work
regualted by autonomic nerves
lacks neruomscualr junction
nerve supply serves to modfiy acitvity
anatongitc adrengeic and chloregnic endings
what does grey and white matter of the brain contain
grey nuerones , cell processes synpases and support cells
white matter - axons and their support cells
spinal white and grey matter
white - axons, myelin sheaths and blood vessles
grey neutrophil (neuronal and glical cells)
what are the two types of nerve gnaglia
dorsal root and autonomic ganglia
what does the gnaglia of the neuroal relay of the PNS contain
neurone cell bodies )cytoplasm and nissl)
support cells (staellite and schwann cells)
axons (loose fibrcollagenous connective tissue)
what is an axon
collection of axons linked together
sensory or motrow
meylin or no
what is a perhieal nerve composed of
axon schwann cell fibroblasts and blood vessels
different parts of the spinal cord
ventral and dorsal horn and medial fissue and central canal
what is a bundle of axons
fascile
what is the surrondings of axons
epinerium, perinerium and endoneruium
what are the two plexus of enteric nervous system
submosa and muscilar externa
spiraling of the meylin
each invades the axon so that the outer and inner membrane of the schwann cell is connected by a double fold of the mesoaxon
each axon is ingeated by the schwann cell
double membrane is formed called a mesoaxon
nuscleus is middle internodal segment
Intramembranous ossification
mesenchymal are in ossfifcation centres and differeitate into osteoblasts
these secret oestroids
these separate but keep their connection with the canciluli forms oestrocytes
bony tissue fuses and leads to trabeculae (primary bone)
periosteum forms
the lamellar bone replcaes woven bone as compact and spongy bone form
Endochondral ossification
haline with osteoblasts (from perichondrium) produce bone forming cells
form the perihonroium surrounds the bone it is called periosteum
begin to produce alkaline phosphate
bone imedes diffusion of oxygen and nutrients and promoted degernative changes
calcification of the bone matrix stops diffusion leads to chondrocyte cell death
epiphyseal growth plate
zone of resting cartilage
zone of proliferating cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
zone of calficifed cartilage
zone of ossification
stages of bone repair
hematoma formation (removed by marcophages)
fibrocartilaginous callus formation (via periosteum and enosteum)
bony callus formation (via ossification)
bone remodelling (pressure)
diseases of the bone
Oestroproesis - weakening bone
paget’s disease - uncontrolled osteoclasts
Osteomalcia - failure of osteaoids to minerlsize
