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Histology One > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Function

A

Form and support to the body and organ
Connect and anchor parts of organs
medium for exchange of nutrients oxygen and waste products
aids the defense and protection
stores fat for cushioning and thermoregulating

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2
Q

what does connective tissue arises from

A

embryonically from the mesoderm

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3
Q

what does the head connective tissue originates

A

neural crest extoderm

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4
Q

what are the two types of cells of connective tissue

A

resident
migrant

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5
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of

A

protien fibers
amorhous ground
tissue fluid

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6
Q

how much extracellular matrix

A

alot

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7
Q

what does areolar mean

A

loose

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8
Q

what is a resident cell

A

cells which a permanent component of connective tissue

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9
Q

examples of resident cell

A

fibroblasts , adipocytes and stem cells

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10
Q

what is migrant cell

A

cell present in the blood
they can spexicalise and migrate to become a part of connective tisuse

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11
Q

what is an example migrant cell

A

macropghaes , plasma and mast cells

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12
Q

what are the types of fibres

A

collagen , elastic and reticular fibres

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13
Q

what are some trypes of ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
proteoglycans
glycoporitens

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14
Q

what resident cells of soft and hard connective tissue

A

soft - fibroblasts and adipocytes
hard - osteocytes and chondrocytes

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15
Q

where is only fibroblasts found

A

only in dense regular connective tissue ~ tendon

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16
Q

what is the shape of fibroblasts

A

elongated cells with tapered ends

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17
Q

what is the function of fibroblasts

A

synthesis and secretions of ground substances

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18
Q

what is fibrocyte (activity

A

fibrocytes - mature connective tissues these cells are relatively inactive and immoblie

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19
Q

what is active fibroblasts

A

repair they rapidly proliferate and become active fibroblasts to form new ECM fibres and ground substances

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20
Q

how many nucules was the fibroblasts

A

one elliptical nucules usually euchromatic

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21
Q

what is the phillic of active or inactive

A

weakly basophillic - active
inactive - weakly acidphillic

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22
Q

why is the fibroblasts in some nucleus plae or dark

A

DNA is active opened up and active transciprtion and translation
cytoplasmic process are coloured dark which means the cell cytpolasm contain protiens basophillic nature

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23
Q

What is the function adipose cells

A

specialised for storage of netural fats

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24
Q

why is it called signet ring apperance

A

cytoplasm is dispalced to the peripheral region of cell by single large fat droplet
nucleus flattened and and surronded by a small amount of cytoplasm

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25
Q

how many fat droplets in one adipose cells

A

one fat droplet

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26
Q

why does the adipose cell look empty

A

xlyene washes away or dissolves the fat droplet present in teh adipose cells and leave an empty space within the cell

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27
Q

where are leukocytes

A

white blood cell

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28
Q

what is the two forms granulocytes

A

neutrophils and eosinophils

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29
Q

what is neutrophils

A

leaves the bloodstream as a first reponse to infection while the eosinophils enter the connective tissue in an event of allergic reaction or in reponse to a parasticic inection

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30
Q

what is eosinophils

A

increase in number during allergic reason and parasitic diseases

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31
Q

what is macrophages dervied from (2)

A

from monocytes in the bone marrow
some dervie from mesenchyme

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32
Q

how do the macrophages migrate

A

circualte in the blood before migrating into the connective tissue where they rapdily transform into macropahges

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33
Q

where do macrophages proliferate

A

locally

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34
Q

what are mast cells dervied from

A

bone marrow precursors

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35
Q

what does the location of mast cells near small blood vessels allow

A

them to perform many sentiel function for host defense

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36
Q

hat is the function of mast cells

A

release potent inflammatory mediators ~ histamine and anticogulant heparin chemotatic factors cytokines and metabolism of arachindonic acid that act on different tissue

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37
Q

what is herparin

A

anticagoulent while hisatmine icnreases the permeability of small blood vessels and in the airways it causes increase mucus production and smooth muscles contraction

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38
Q

what is lymphocytes

A

widley scatteed in connective tissue and are the smallest cells

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39
Q

what is the composition of the lymphocyte

A

small nucleus with almost no cytoplasm surronding it

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40
Q

where is plasma cells found

A

lamina propia of gastrointestinal tract

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41
Q

what is the nuclear chromastin of lymphcoytes

A

moslty condense and herechomatic alternting with light areas - clock face apperance

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42
Q

what does plasma cells

A

easily syntehsis protiens
produce antibodies that are released locally and circualte the blood

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43
Q

what is plasma cells dervied from

A

B lymphocytes and are kown to tbe reponsible to produce the antobodies

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44
Q

what are the plasma riched with

A

rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and this is one of the characteristic of the cells that produce prtiens

45
Q

what does antibodies produced by plasma cells help do what

A

neutalize harmful antigens, render toxins harmless, promote phagocytosis and as result protection the body from microoragism

46
Q

what is mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue that differentiates into cells that become fibroblasts, chondrocytes,, adipocytes and ostecytes

47
Q

what can mesenchyme invade and migrate through

A

Extracellular matrix to create important transportation

48
Q

where is mesenchymal common

A

in the walls of cappillaries outside the endothelium known as pericutes

49
Q

what is loose arerolar

A

loosley packed fibres seperateded by abundant ground substances

50
Q

what does areolar refer to

A

small fluid filled spaces in tissuew

51
Q

what does loose mean

A

mainly the fibres of extracellualr matrix are arranged loosely

52
Q

what is an example of loose areolar connective tissue

A

mesentery stroma of many organs

53
Q

what is also found in loose areolar connective tissue

A

elastic fibres and fibroblast nuclei

54
Q

what is dense connecitve tissue

A

densley packed bundles of collagen fibres

55
Q

what is the portions of fibres to ground substances in dense connective

A

less ground substances more fibres

56
Q

what are the two types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular and dense irregular

57
Q

what is irregular

A

the fibresbundles go in many different directions

58
Q

what is an example of dense irregular connective tissue

A

dermis of the skin

59
Q

what is dense regular connective tissue

A

bundles run in a regular arrangement of collagne bundles and fibroblasts are paralleled to one another

60
Q

what is an example of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendon

61
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

a type of connective tissue that stores the fat

62
Q

how much ground substance are in the adipose tissue

A

little

63
Q

where is adipose tissue moslty found

A

just beneath the skin

64
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue

A

help shape the body while deposits int he form of pads to act as shock absorbers
elsewhere it fills up the spaces between tissues and helps to keep tissues in position

65
Q

what is brown fat / multicoular

A

many small fat droplets
have alot of mitchochondria

66
Q

where is brown fat moslty found

A

in the fetus / neonate

67
Q

what happens to brown fat when it is oxidized

A

large amount of heat is generated

68
Q

what is white fat

A

contains one large fat droptlet

69
Q

what happens when whtie fat is oxidesed

A

ATP is produced

70
Q

what is collagen syntehsised in

A

fibroblasts

71
Q

what is collagen formed by

A

polypeptide chains

72
Q

what is collagen fibres

A

are inelastic most common form has tensile strength (also flexible)

73
Q

What are three specialised types of connective tissue in adults?

A

adipose , reticular and elastic

74
Q

what can pro collagen not do

A

self assemble

75
Q

how does procaollagne assmble

A

fibroblasts release procollagen molecules and theyw ill be transformed into collagen molecules and will assemble into a fibril outside the fibroblast

76
Q

what is each collagen fibril made of

A

self assembling strands (3 strandes together)

77
Q

what is this arrnagement of polypeptide chains called

A

triple helix arrangement

78
Q

what do Type I Fibril make

A

skin bone dentin tendon and ligament

79
Q

where is type II fibril found

A

cartilage , interveterbal disc and vitreous body

80
Q

what is type III fibrils

A

skin blood vessels and internal organs

81
Q

Type IV sheet like network

A

basal laminae

82
Q

what is a reticualr fibre made of

A

type III collagen

83
Q

what foes reticular fibres form

A

support netowkr in many organs

84
Q

what do retciuarl fibres do for the liver lymph nodes and sleepn

A

form supporting scaffolding

85
Q

what happens during healing for the reticular fibres

A

syntehsied by fibroblasts and are later replcaced by type I collagen

86
Q

why are reticular fibres not present in HE

A

very thin but if they are stained with silver salts they turn black

87
Q

what is elastic fibres made of

A

proien elastin and the microfibril fibrillin

88
Q

what does elastic fibres form

A

random coils

89
Q

what does cross links between elastin molecules cause

A

elastic array of fibres

90
Q

where is elastic fibres found

A

blood vessels, lungs, mesentry

91
Q

what is the funtion of elastic fibres

A

provide elasticity to tissue

92
Q

what is linear polysacchardised formed by

A

charactersitic repeating dissacchride units

93
Q

what forms proteoglycans

A

polysacchardies being bount to a protien core

94
Q

GAGs help to gove

A

turgor and determine the diffusion of the substance through ECM

95
Q

what is examples of glycosaminolgycans

A

keratin sulfate herpain sulfae and hyaluronic acid

96
Q

what is proteoglycans

A

composed of core protiens which are covanlety attached

97
Q

what can sulfated GAGS be

A

be various numbers or combinations

98
Q

where are proteoglycans syntehised

A

RER

99
Q

where do protelgycans mature

A

golgi + secreted by exocytsisc

100
Q

what is the phillic of proteocyglcians

A

hydrophillic due to presence of hydroxyl carboxyl and sulphate groups

101
Q

what is the function of protelgycans

A

trap water

102
Q

what can structual glycoprotiens do

A

bind molecules ont he surface of cells (integrins) as well as extracellular matrix components

103
Q

what do glycoporitens elastblish

A

strutucal conintuity between the cytoskeletona dn the extracellular matrix

104
Q

what are exmaples of glycoportiens

A

fibronectin laminin chondronectin and osteonectin

105
Q

what is fibrnectin

A

also binds ECM to EMC

106
Q

what is laminin

A

found in basal lamina

107
Q

what is chondronectin

A

found in caritlage

108
Q

what is osteonectin

A

found in bone

Histology One (14 decks)

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