Haematological disorders

Question 1

3 Causes of anaemia

Answer 1

• hypoproliferative: decreased production
• Haemolysis: Increased destruction
• Haemorrhage: increased loss

Question 2

What defects can occur that leads to hypoproliferation of RBC (dec. production)?

Answer 2

1. Proliferation defect: from low stimuli (erythropoietin) ≠ erythropoeisis ; damaged bone marrow ; stem cell damage
2. Maturation defect: abnormal nuclear defects or cytoplasmic development of RBC during erythropoiesis

Question 3

2 ways haemorrhagic anaemia may occur

Answer 3

• trauma, surgery

- Defective mechanism of homeostasis: haemophilia (blood not clot = lose blood)

Question 4

difference b/w extravascular & intravascular haemolytic anaemia *

Answer 4

• Extravascular: haemolysis outside BV due to immune process (e.g. IgG opsinisation of RBC) & due to altered cell structure OR altered cell structure = removed by body
• Intravascular: *

Question 5

Laboratory investigations for hypoproliferative anaemia

Answer 5

• FBC
• blood film examination
• bone marrow assessment: bc low no. produced
• iron studies: low no. produced
• vitamin B12/ folate
• Hb electrophorhesis
• renal function bc erythropoises low

Question 6

Laboratory investigations for haemorrhagic anaemia

Answer 6

• FBC
• blood film examination
• coagulation: like PT, aPTT bc if levels are low = cause for blood loss (excess bleeding)

Question 7

Laboratory investigations for haemolytic anaemia

Answer 7

• FBC
• blood film examination
• tests for components in serum
• detect enzyme deficiencies