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Neuro Block 3 > Gustatory Pathways And Gustation > Flashcards

Gustatory Pathways And Gustation Flashcards

0
Q

What is conditioned taste aversion?

A

Pairing of a non toxic food with a toxic stimulus

Problematic in chemo patients because it changes taste

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1
Q

What are the five tastants and their benefits?

A 
Sweet-nutrition
Sour-Hydrogen
Salty-sodium
Bitter-toxic
Umami-nutrition
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2
Q

Is taste special sense?

A

Yes
Traditional
The receptor is not on the primary afferent neuron

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3
Q

How many taste receptors are on each taste bud?

A

50-150

Each receptor cell does one of the five taste

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4
Q

How often do taste receptor cells turn over?

A

Once every 10days

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5
Q

What is gustatory transduction?

A

Transduction of taste

Each taste is kinda different

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6
Q

What is the process of gustatory transduction for bitter, sweet, and umami?

A
  1. Receptor activation
  2. G protein (Gustducin)
  3. 2nd messenger system
  4. Depolarization
  5. Open VG Ca channels or release Ca intracellularly
  6. ATP
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7
Q

What is the gustatory transduction pathway for sour and sweet and why is it different?

A

It is different because ions are being perceived

  1. Receptor activation
  2. H ion closes K channel, Na opens a channel
  3. Same as previous
  4. Depolarization
  5. Voltage gated Ca or intracellular
  6. Serotonin
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8
Q

What is a defect is the olfactory system called?

A

-osmia

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9
Q

What is a defect in the gustatory system called?

A

-geusia

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10
Q

What a complete absence of smell of taste called?

A

Anosmia or ageusia

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11
Q

What is reduced perception of smell and taste called?

A

Hyposmia or hypogeusia

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12
Q

What is increased perception of smell called?

A

Hyperosmia

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13
Q

What is distortion of perversion of smell or taste called?

A

Dysosmia and dysgeusia

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14
Q

What is extremely unpleasant perception of smell or taste called?

A

Cacosmia and cacogeusia

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15
Q

What is it called when they know there is a stimulus there but they can’t characterize it?

A

Agnosia

16
Q

What is a peripheral defect of smell/taste?

A

Chemicals cannot reach the receptors
Olfaction-Too much mucus
Inflammation
Foreign body

Gustation - dryness, too thick (cystic fibrosis)

17
Q

What is a neuroepithelial defect for smell/taste?

A

Damage or absence of receptor cells or damage to any process of the transduction mechanism

Olfaction- head trauma, many drugs
Gustation - burn, drugs

18
Q

What is a central defect to smell/taste?

A

Damage of malfunction in any of the central pathways
Hallucinations and loss of discrimination are usually of central origin

Alzheimer’s

19
Q

What are taste bud cells?

A

Modified epithelial cells

20
Q

What is chemesthesis?

A

Pain from a chemical

Trigeminal

21
Q

What serves the posterior tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Taste, pressure, temp

22
Q

What serves the taste buds on the larynx and epiglottis?

A

The vagus nerve

23
Q

What serves taste on the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

A

Facial nerve

24
Q

Where does taste travel to the brain stem?

A

The solitary tract mostly in the rostal portion

The eye of the monster in the central medulla

25
Q

What does the nucleus ambiguous do?

A

Muscle of the pharynx and larynx
9 and 10
Swallowing

26
Q

What is the orientation of taste in the solitary track?

A

Tip of the tongue most rostal

Back of the tongue, larynx and epiglottis farther down

27
Q

Where is swallowing down?

A

Solitary track, reticular formation

28
Q

Where are the secondary neurons of the solitary nucleus projected?

A

VPM of the thalamus
Bilaterally
From the VPM to the insula cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (joined with smell)

29
Q

Where is conscious perception of taste?

A

Insular cortex

30
Q

Where is the advanced perception of flavor?

A

The orbitofrontal cortex

31
Q

What is dependent of the hungar state of the animal?

A

The second order neurons of the solitary tract

32
Q

What is in the insular cortex?

A

Third order neurons from the VPM

33
Q

What are the “eyes of the monster” in the medulla?

A

The solitary tract

34
Q

Hat is the medial most part of the VPM?

A

Taste

35
Q

What are the subconscious things tied to your taste?

A

Hypothalamus and amygdala (food intake)

Swallowing, coughing (reticular formation)

36
Q

What are some nuclei involved with the NST?

A

Nucleus ambiguous

Glossopharyngeal

37
Q

What does the gag reflex activate?

A

CN IX sensory

CN X motor

Neuro Block 3 (17 decks)

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