Gustatory Pathways And Gustation

Question 0

What is conditioned taste aversion?

Answer 0

Pairing of a non toxic food with a toxic stimulus

Problematic in chemo patients because it changes taste

Question 1

What are the five tastants and their benefits?

Answer 1

Sweet-nutrition
Sour-Hydrogen
Salty-sodium
Bitter-toxic
Umami-nutrition

Question 2

Is taste special sense?

Answer 2

Yes
Traditional
The receptor is not on the primary afferent neuron

Question 3

How many taste receptors are on each taste bud?

Answer 3

50-150

Each receptor cell does one of the five taste

Question 4

How often do taste receptor cells turn over?

Answer 4

Once every 10days

Question 5

What is gustatory transduction?

Answer 5

Transduction of taste

Each taste is kinda different

Question 6

What is the process of gustatory transduction for bitter, sweet, and umami?

Answer 6

1. Receptor activation
2. G protein (Gustducin)
3. 2nd messenger system
4. Depolarization
5. Open VG Ca channels or release Ca intracellularly
6. ATP

Question 7

What is the gustatory transduction pathway for sour and sweet and why is it different?

Answer 7

It is different because ions are being perceived

1. Receptor activation
2. H ion closes K channel, Na opens a channel
3. Same as previous
4. Depolarization
5. Voltage gated Ca or intracellular
6. Serotonin

Question 8

What is a defect is the olfactory system called?

Answer 8

-osmia

Question 9

What is a defect in the gustatory system called?

Answer 9

-geusia

Question 10

What a complete absence of smell of taste called?

Answer 10

Anosmia or ageusia

Question 11

What is reduced perception of smell and taste called?

Answer 11

Hyposmia or hypogeusia

Question 12

What is increased perception of smell called?

Answer 12

Hyperosmia

Question 13

What is distortion of perversion of smell or taste called?

Answer 13

Dysosmia and dysgeusia

Question 14

What is extremely unpleasant perception of smell or taste called?

Answer 14

Cacosmia and cacogeusia

Question 15

What is it called when they know there is a stimulus there but they can’t characterize it?

Answer 15

Agnosia

Question 16

What is a peripheral defect of smell/taste?

Answer 16

Chemicals cannot reach the receptors
Olfaction-Too much mucus
Inflammation
Foreign body

Gustation - dryness, too thick (cystic fibrosis)

Question 17

What is a neuroepithelial defect for smell/taste?

Answer 17

Damage or absence of receptor cells or damage to any process of the transduction mechanism

Olfaction- head trauma, many drugs
Gustation - burn, drugs

Question 18

What is a central defect to smell/taste?

Answer 18

Damage of malfunction in any of the central pathways
Hallucinations and loss of discrimination are usually of central origin

Alzheimer’s

Question 19

What are taste bud cells?

Answer 19

Modified epithelial cells

Question 20

What is chemesthesis?

Answer 20

Pain from a chemical

Trigeminal

Question 21

What serves the posterior tongue?

Answer 21

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Taste, pressure, temp

Question 22

What serves the taste buds on the larynx and epiglottis?

Answer 22

The vagus nerve

Question 23

What serves taste on the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

Answer 23

Facial nerve

Question 24

Where does taste travel to the brain stem?

Answer 24

The solitary tract mostly in the rostal portion | The eye of the monster in the central medulla

Question 25

What does the nucleus ambiguous do?

Answer 25

Muscle of the pharynx and larynx 9 and 10 Swallowing

Question 26

What is the orientation of taste in the solitary track?

Answer 26

Tip of the tongue most rostal | Back of the tongue, larynx and epiglottis farther down

Question 27

Where is swallowing down?

Answer 27

Solitary track, reticular formation

Question 28

Where are the secondary neurons of the solitary nucleus projected?

Answer 28

VPM of the thalamus Bilaterally From the VPM to the insula cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (joined with smell)

Question 29

Where is conscious perception of taste?

Answer 29

Insular cortex

Question 30

Where is the advanced perception of flavor?

Answer 30

The orbitofrontal cortex

Question 31

What is dependent of the hungar state of the animal?

Answer 31

The second order neurons of the solitary tract

Question 32

What is in the insular cortex?

Answer 32

Third order neurons from the VPM

Question 33

What are the "eyes of the monster" in the medulla?

Answer 33

The solitary tract

Question 34

Hat is the medial most part of the VPM?

Answer 34

Taste

Question 35

What are the subconscious things tied to your taste?

Answer 35

Hypothalamus and amygdala (food intake) Swallowing, coughing (reticular formation)

Question 36

What are some nuclei involved with the NST?

Answer 36

Nucleus ambiguous | Glossopharyngeal

Question 37

What does the gag reflex activate?

Answer 37

CN IX sensory | CN X motor