Eye Pharmocology

Question 0

What controls the ciliary muscle?

Answer 0

Contracted by the parasympathetics to focus the eye

Question 1

How does the ANS affect pupil diameter?

Answer 1

Sympathetic increase

Parasympathetic decrease

Question 2

How does the sympathetic nervouse system affect aqueous humor accumulation?

Answer 2

Mostly stimulated by the sympathetics by beta receptors but also can inhibit it through alpha2 receptors

Question 3

Where do all sympathetics come off of?

Answer 3

T1 to L5

Question 4

What happens with Horner syndrome in relation to the pupil size?

Answer 4

The sympathetic nerves are not transmitting so the pupils are small

Question 5

What is mydriasis?

Answer 5

Contraction of the pupillary dilator muscle

Question 6

What way does the sympathetic nervous system control the pupillary dilator muscle and the superior tarsal muscle?

Answer 6

By release of norepinephrine which acts on the alpha 1 receptors

Question 7

How is relaxation of the ciliary muscle for distant vision controlled?

Answer 7

Through beta2 stimulation by circulating epinephrine. But that doesn’t do much so the ciliary muscle is controlled mostly by the parasympathetics

Question 8

What does the parasympathetic nervouse system use for receptors?

Answer 8

Muscarinic

Question 9

What eye functions does the parasympathetic system control?

Answer 9

Ciliary muscle contraction - near vision

Constricts pupil

Enhances drainage of aqueous humor

Question 10

What does atropine do?

Answer 10

Makes your pupil bigger

Inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 11

What are sympathomimetics?

Answer 11

Things that stimulate or mimic stimulation of sympathetic nerve

Question 12

How do you eliminate the response of sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 12

Norepinephrine re uptake

Question 13

What blocks norepinephrine reuptake?

Answer 13

Cocaine

Therefore it is a good test if there is norepinephrine release to tell if the sympathetic nervous system is working

Question 14

How is dopamine synthesized?

Answer 14

From tyrosine - to dopa - dopamine

Question 15

What does amphetamine do?

Answer 15

Reverses extra neuronal uptake pump of norepinephrine

Helps tell if the Postganglionic nerve is there or not

Question 16

How does norepinephrine negatively feedback?

Answer 16

By acting on alpha2 receptors on the preganglionic neuron

Question 17

What is a mydriatic?

Answer 17

A drug that confers pupil dilation

Question 18

What is phenylephrine?

Answer 18

Also called mydrifrin

Used in eye drops

Alpha1 adrenergic stimulant

Reverses Ptosis in horners syndrome

Question 19

What percent solution of phenylephrine is used to produce mydriasis?

Answer 19

2.5% - 10%

Question 20

What does epinephrine do pharmocologically in the eye?

Answer 20

Acts on alpha1 receptors

0.5-2% solution to treat glaucoma

Increases aqueous humor outflow and inhibits formation

Question 21

Why would you have one pupil smaller or the other?

Answer 21

A problem with the eye or nerve

Question 22

How can you diagnosis Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 22

If there is no response to cocaine

Question 23

How can test if there is no sympathetic Postganglionic nerve?

Answer 23

If there is no response to amphetamine there is no Postganglionic nerve

Question 24

What does nicotine do?

Answer 24

Activates nicotinic receptors Activates parasympathetics to produce miosis more commonly Stimulates norepinephrine Activates both sympathetics

Question 25

What does atropine do?

Answer 25

Paralyzes the ciliary muscle by inhibiting the parasympathetic

Question 26

What does blocking acetylcholine esterase do?

Answer 26

Pupil dilation | Parasympathetic inhibition

Question 27

What do you test if pupils are of unequal diameter?

Answer 27

The parasympathetic innervation

Question 28

How do you test the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 28

Test if the eye can respond to a muscarinic agonist

Question 29

What is the agonist of muscarinic receptors used for testing the parasympathetics?

Answer 29

Pilocarpine Eye responds with miosis If the eye does not respond CN III is not working

Question 30

What else besides eye testing is pilocarpine used for?

Answer 30

Narrow angle glaucoma

Question 31

What are drugs that end is -azosin?

Answer 31

Alpha1 antagonists

Question 32

What are some drugs other than pilocarpine that treat narrow angle glaucoma and what are their mechanisms?

Answer 32

Physostigmine Ecothiophate Prevent acetylcholine degradation

Question 33

What is Physostigmine?

Answer 33

A drug producing miosis Prevents acetylcholine degradation Treats open angle glaucoma

Question 34

What is Ecothiophate?

Answer 34

A drug producing miosis Prevents acetylcholine degradation Treats open angle glaucoma

Question 35

What does Terazosin do and what are some side effects?

Answer 35

Alpha1 antagonist Can have occular side effects

Question 36

What is Reserpine?

Answer 36

A norepinephrine depleting drug Causes miosis and Ptosis Weird

Question 37

What does Timolol?

Answer 37

A beta blocker | Decreases aqueous humor formation

Question 38

What does pilocarpine do to the eye?

Answer 38

Muscarinic receptor agonist | Enhances aqueous humor drainage through the canal of schlem

Question 39

What is the main treatment of glaucoma?

Answer 39

Prostaglandins | Like Latanoprost

Question 40

What does Latanoprost do?

Answer 40

Prostaglandin | Increases outflow of aqueous humor through the ciliary muscle

Question 41

What does acetazolamide do?

Answer 41

It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Question 42

What is the most important pump in the cell?

Answer 42

Bicarbonate and h transporter | Carbonic anhydrase is so important

Question 43

Where is aqueous humor flow?

Answer 43

The ciliary body