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Neuro Block 3 > Eye Pharmocology > Flashcards

Eye Pharmocology Flashcards

0
Q

What controls the ciliary muscle?

A

Contracted by the parasympathetics to focus the eye

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1
Q

How does the ANS affect pupil diameter?

A

Sympathetic increase

Parasympathetic decrease

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2
Q

How does the sympathetic nervouse system affect aqueous humor accumulation?

A

Mostly stimulated by the sympathetics by beta receptors but also can inhibit it through alpha2 receptors

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3
Q

Where do all sympathetics come off of?

A

T1 to L5

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4
Q

What happens with Horner syndrome in relation to the pupil size?

A

The sympathetic nerves are not transmitting so the pupils are small

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5
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Contraction of the pupillary dilator muscle

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6
Q

What way does the sympathetic nervous system control the pupillary dilator muscle and the superior tarsal muscle?

A

By release of norepinephrine which acts on the alpha 1 receptors

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7
Q

How is relaxation of the ciliary muscle for distant vision controlled?

A

Through beta2 stimulation by circulating epinephrine. But that doesn’t do much so the ciliary muscle is controlled mostly by the parasympathetics

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8
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervouse system use for receptors?

A

Muscarinic

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9
Q

What eye functions does the parasympathetic system control?

A

Ciliary muscle contraction - near vision

Constricts pupil

Enhances drainage of aqueous humor

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10
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Makes your pupil bigger

Inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

What are sympathomimetics?

A

Things that stimulate or mimic stimulation of sympathetic nerve

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12
Q

How do you eliminate the response of sympathetic stimulation?

A

Norepinephrine re uptake

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13
Q

What blocks norepinephrine reuptake?

A

Cocaine

Therefore it is a good test if there is norepinephrine release to tell if the sympathetic nervous system is working

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14
Q

How is dopamine synthesized?

A

From tyrosine - to dopa - dopamine

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15
Q

What does amphetamine do?

A

Reverses extra neuronal uptake pump of norepinephrine

Helps tell if the Postganglionic nerve is there or not

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16
Q

How does norepinephrine negatively feedback?

A

By acting on alpha2 receptors on the preganglionic neuron

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17
Q

What is a mydriatic?

A

A drug that confers pupil dilation

18
Q

What is phenylephrine?

A

Also called mydrifrin

Used in eye drops

Alpha1 adrenergic stimulant

Reverses Ptosis in horners syndrome

19
Q

What percent solution of phenylephrine is used to produce mydriasis?

A

2.5% - 10%

20
Q

What does epinephrine do pharmocologically in the eye?

A

Acts on alpha1 receptors

0.5-2% solution to treat glaucoma

Increases aqueous humor outflow and inhibits formation

21
Q

Why would you have one pupil smaller or the other?

A

A problem with the eye or nerve

22
Q

How can you diagnosis Horner’s syndrome?

A

If there is no response to cocaine

23
Q

How can test if there is no sympathetic Postganglionic nerve?

A

If there is no response to amphetamine there is no Postganglionic nerve

24
Q

What does nicotine do?

A

Activates nicotinic receptors

Activates parasympathetics to produce miosis more commonly

Stimulates norepinephrine

Activates both sympathetics

25
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Paralyzes the ciliary muscle by inhibiting the parasympathetic

26
Q

What does blocking acetylcholine esterase do?

A

Pupil dilation

Parasympathetic inhibition

27
Q

What do you test if pupils are of unequal diameter?

A

The parasympathetic innervation

28
Q

How do you test the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Test if the eye can respond to a muscarinic agonist

29
Q

What is the agonist of muscarinic receptors used for testing the parasympathetics?

A

Pilocarpine
Eye responds with miosis
If the eye does not respond CN III is not working

30
Q

What else besides eye testing is pilocarpine used for?

A

Narrow angle glaucoma

31
Q

What are drugs that end is -azosin?

A

Alpha1 antagonists

32
Q

What are some drugs other than pilocarpine that treat narrow angle glaucoma and what are their mechanisms?

A

Physostigmine
Ecothiophate

Prevent acetylcholine degradation

33
Q

What is Physostigmine?

A

A drug producing miosis
Prevents acetylcholine degradation
Treats open angle glaucoma

34
Q

What is Ecothiophate?

A

A drug producing miosis
Prevents acetylcholine degradation
Treats open angle glaucoma

35
Q

What does Terazosin do and what are some side effects?

A

Alpha1 antagonist

Can have occular side effects

36
Q

What is Reserpine?

A

A norepinephrine depleting drug
Causes miosis and Ptosis
Weird

37
Q

What does Timolol?

A

A beta blocker

Decreases aqueous humor formation

38
Q

What does pilocarpine do to the eye?

A

Muscarinic receptor agonist

Enhances aqueous humor drainage through the canal of schlem

39
Q

What is the main treatment of glaucoma?

A

Prostaglandins

Like Latanoprost

40
Q

What does Latanoprost do?

A

Prostaglandin

Increases outflow of aqueous humor through the ciliary muscle

41
Q

What does acetazolamide do?

A

It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

42
Q

What is the most important pump in the cell?

A

Bicarbonate and h transporter

Carbonic anhydrase is so important

43
Q

Where is aqueous humor flow?

A

The ciliary body

Neuro Block 3 (17 decks)

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