Growth & Development Flashcards by Christine Ackerman

Fine Motor Milestones

2-3mo: grasp/shake rattle
3-4mo: reaches for object
5-6mo: hand to hand transfer
6-10mo: raking grasp, to finger grasp, to pincer grasp
10-12mo: marks on paper
17-18mo: uses a spoon, stacks 3 blocks
22-24mo: turns door knob, stacks 6-7 blocks
3yr: copies a circle
4yr: draws person with 4-6 parts, stacks 10 blocks
5yr: copies square, prints letters, ties shoes

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Gross Motor Milestones

2-3mo: head control, raises head during tummy time by 3mo
5-6mo: rolls back to front, no head lag, sits with support
7mo: sits alone
8-10mo: pulls to stand
10-12mo: stands alone
12-14mo: walks
22-24mo: stairs, jumps, runs with wide gait, kicks ball
3yr: rides tricycle
4yr: stairs with alternating feet, rides bike with training wheels
5yr: skips, jumps rope, plays ball

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How do you determine “bone age”?

X-ray of tarsals and carpals to determine extent of ossification

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Age to start calculating BMI?

2 years old

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How long do you have to calculate corrected gestational age (CGA) for premature infants?

How do you calculate it?

Calculate for up to 2 years

Calculation: (chronological age) - (amount of time premature)

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Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Infancy: Oral Stage (passive 0-6mo, aggressive 7-18mo)
Toddler (18mo-3yr): Anal Stage
Preschool (3-6yr): Phallic Stage (Oedipal complex)
School Age (6-12yr): Latency Stage
Adolescence (12-18yr): Genital Stage

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Infancy (0-1yr): Trust vs mistrust
Todder (1-3yr): Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Preschool (3-6yr): Initiative vs guilt
School Age (6-12yr): Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence (12-18yr): Identity vs role confusion

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Piaget: Formal Operational Thought

11-15 yrs
Ability to abstract
Complex problem solving
Reality-based
Logical conclusions

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Piaget: Concrete Thinking Stage

7-11yrs
Capable of logical thought
Logical operations

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Piaget: Preoperational-Intuitive Stage

4-7yrs

Beginning of causation

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Piaget: Preoperational-Preconceptual Stage

2-4yrs
Focus on one thing at a time
Egocentrism
Difficulty distinguishing fact from fantasy (magical thinking)
No cause and effect reasoning yet; developing intuitive thought

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Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage

0-2yrs
Inborn reflexes
Very reactive to environment
Object permanence (8-9 months)
Becomes increasingly aware of environment
Trial and error learning
Simple problem solving

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Piaget’s Cognitive Stages (list them and ages)

0-2yrs: Sensorimotor
2-4yrs: Preoperational-Preconceptual
4-7yrs: Preoperational-Intuitive
7-11yrs: Concrete thinking
11-15yrs: Formal operational thought

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Sequence of primary tooth eruption

Mandibular to maxillary
“Come Little Monsters Chew Meat”

Central incisor (6 months)
Lateral incisor (7-9 months)
Molar (first) (12-14 months)
Cuspid/canine (16-18 months)
Molar (second) (20-24 months)

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Fluoride supplementation recommendations for pediatrics

Supplement if local water supply is less than 0.6ppm
Start at 6 months old (first tooth)
Call health department for information on local water supply

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Iron supplementation recommendations for pediatrics

1mg/kg/day in breastfed infants starting at 4-6 months old
Formula should be iron-fortified
Stop when taking sufficient solid foods containing iron
No cow’s milk less than 1 year old
Routine screening for anemia at 6-12 months and 2 years

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Special supplementation recommendations for breastfed babies of vegetarian/vegan mothers?

Vitamin B12, to prevent neurological abnormalities

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Vitamin D supplementation recommendations for pediatrics

400iu per day from 2 month to adolescent aged

Normal growth rate of preschool and school aged kids

weight and height gained per year

5-7 pounds per year

2.5 inches per year

Weight DOUBLES by what age?
TRIPLES by what age?
QUADRUPLES by what age?

Doubles by 5 months
Triples by 1 year
Quadruples by 2 years

Percentage of initial infant weight loss?

When is it regained?

10 percent loss

Regained in 7-14 days

Normal expected weight gain for infants

1 ounce (30 grams) per day for the first 3 months,
then 15-20 grams per day for the next 3 months

Benefits of breast feeding

Less illness in infants because maternal antibodies are transferred
Decreased allergies in kids
Decreased GI problems (like GER)
Less chance of the child being overweight

Caloric requirement for adults

30kcal/kg/day

Caloric requirement for adolescents

45kcal/kg/day

Caloric requirement for 2-10yr old

100-70kcal/kg/day

Caloric requirement for 7 months to 1 year old?

100kcal/kg/day

Caloric requirement for birth to 6 months old?

120kcal/kg/day

When do the permanent teeth erupt?

Mandibular to maxillary "My Children Like Cold Bologna Meat" ``` Molar (first) at 6-7yr Central incisor at 6-8yr Lateral incisor at 7-9yr Cuspid/Canine at 9-12yr Bicupsid (first and second) at 10-12yr Molar (second) at 11-13yr ```

Breastfeeding is recommended at least up to what age?

6 months old

Orthopedic injury is often missed in children under what age?

in children under 7 years old

Brain doubles in size by what age? 80 percent of adult size at what age? Adult size at what age?

Doubles at 6 months 80 percent of adult size at 2 years old Adult size at 6 years old

What occurs physiologically as the nervous system develops?

Nerve myelination and synapse formation

What physiologically places children at higher risk for hypoglycemia?

Higher metabolism | Limited glycogen stores

How long do you measure head circumference?

Up to 2 years old

How long do you take a thorough newborn history?

Up to 3 years old

How long do premies have to catch up before referral?

2 years

When do you start checking blood pressure?

3 years old

What is a xenobiotic?

Antibiotic taken by mom during pregnancy

Recommended sleep for infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and school aged kids?

Infant: 8-12 hours per night, 2-3 naps per day Toddlers/preschoolers: 10-12 hours per night, daily nap School age: 8-10 hours per night

When does visual acuity approach/reach 20/20?

School age/adolescents

When do you do scoliosis screening?

Start at age 9 and go to 2 years after peak height velocity

When does hand dominance emerge?

7-9 years old