Growth & Development Flashcards
Fine Motor Milestones
2-3mo: grasp/shake rattle
3-4mo: reaches for object
5-6mo: hand to hand transfer
6-10mo: raking grasp, to finger grasp, to pincer grasp
10-12mo: marks on paper
17-18mo: uses a spoon, stacks 3 blocks
22-24mo: turns door knob, stacks 6-7 blocks
3yr: copies a circle
4yr: draws person with 4-6 parts, stacks 10 blocks
5yr: copies square, prints letters, ties shoes
Gross Motor Milestones
2-3mo: head control, raises head during tummy time by 3mo
5-6mo: rolls back to front, no head lag, sits with support
7mo: sits alone
8-10mo: pulls to stand
10-12mo: stands alone
12-14mo: walks
22-24mo: stairs, jumps, runs with wide gait, kicks ball
3yr: rides tricycle
4yr: stairs with alternating feet, rides bike with training wheels
5yr: skips, jumps rope, plays ball
How do you determine “bone age”?
X-ray of tarsals and carpals to determine extent of ossification
Age to start calculating BMI?
2 years old
How long do you have to calculate corrected gestational age (CGA) for premature infants?
How do you calculate it?
Calculate for up to 2 years
Calculation: (chronological age) - (amount of time premature)
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Infancy: Oral Stage (passive 0-6mo, aggressive 7-18mo)
Toddler (18mo-3yr): Anal Stage
Preschool (3-6yr): Phallic Stage (Oedipal complex)
School Age (6-12yr): Latency Stage
Adolescence (12-18yr): Genital Stage
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Infancy (0-1yr): Trust vs mistrust
Todder (1-3yr): Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Preschool (3-6yr): Initiative vs guilt
School Age (6-12yr): Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence (12-18yr): Identity vs role confusion
Piaget: Formal Operational Thought
11-15 yrs Ability to abstract Complex problem solving Reality-based Logical conclusions
Piaget: Concrete Thinking Stage
7-11yrs
Capable of logical thought
Logical operations
Piaget: Preoperational-Intuitive Stage
4-7yrs
Beginning of causation
Piaget: Preoperational-Preconceptual Stage
2-4yrs
Focus on one thing at a time
Egocentrism
Difficulty distinguishing fact from fantasy (magical thinking)
No cause and effect reasoning yet; developing intuitive thought
Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage
0-2yrs Inborn reflexes Very reactive to environment Object permanence (8-9 months) Becomes increasingly aware of environment Trial and error learning Simple problem solving
Piaget’s Cognitive Stages (list them and ages)
0-2yrs: Sensorimotor 2-4yrs: Preoperational-Preconceptual 4-7yrs: Preoperational-Intuitive 7-11yrs: Concrete thinking 11-15yrs: Formal operational thought
Sequence of primary tooth eruption
Mandibular to maxillary
“Come Little Monsters Chew Meat”
Central incisor (6 months) Lateral incisor (7-9 months) Molar (first) (12-14 months) Cuspid/canine (16-18 months) Molar (second) (20-24 months)
Fluoride supplementation recommendations for pediatrics
Supplement if local water supply is less than 0.6ppm
Start at 6 months old (first tooth)
Call health department for information on local water supply
Iron supplementation recommendations for pediatrics
1mg/kg/day in breastfed infants starting at 4-6 months old
Formula should be iron-fortified
Stop when taking sufficient solid foods containing iron
No cow’s milk less than 1 year old
Routine screening for anemia at 6-12 months and 2 years
Special supplementation recommendations for breastfed babies of vegetarian/vegan mothers?
Vitamin B12, to prevent neurological abnormalities
Vitamin D supplementation recommendations for pediatrics
400iu per day from 2 month to adolescent aged
Normal growth rate of preschool and school aged kids
weight and height gained per year
5-7 pounds per year
2.5 inches per year
Weight DOUBLES by what age?
TRIPLES by what age?
QUADRUPLES by what age?
Doubles by 5 months
Triples by 1 year
Quadruples by 2 years
Percentage of initial infant weight loss?
When is it regained?
10 percent loss
Regained in 7-14 days
Normal expected weight gain for infants
1 ounce (30 grams) per day for the first 3 months, then 15-20 grams per day for the next 3 months
Benefits of breast feeding
- Less illness in infants because maternal antibodies are transferred
- Decreased allergies in kids
- Decreased GI problems (like GER)
- Less chance of the child being overweight
Caloric requirement for adults
30kcal/kg/day
Caloric requirement for adolescents
45kcal/kg/day
Caloric requirement for 2-10yr old
100-70kcal/kg/day
Caloric requirement for 7 months to 1 year old?
100kcal/kg/day
Caloric requirement for birth to 6 months old?
120kcal/kg/day
When do the permanent teeth erupt?
Mandibular to maxillary
“My Children Like Cold Bologna Meat”
Molar (first) at 6-7yr Central incisor at 6-8yr Lateral incisor at 7-9yr Cuspid/Canine at 9-12yr Bicupsid (first and second) at 10-12yr Molar (second) at 11-13yr
Breastfeeding is recommended at least up to what age?
6 months old
Orthopedic injury is often missed in children under what age?
in children under 7 years old
Brain doubles in size by what age? 80 percent of adult size at what age? Adult size at what age?
Doubles at 6 months
80 percent of adult size at 2 years old
Adult size at 6 years old
What occurs physiologically as the nervous system develops?
Nerve myelination and synapse formation
What physiologically places children at higher risk for hypoglycemia?
Higher metabolism
Limited glycogen stores
How long do you measure head circumference?
Up to 2 years old
How long do you take a thorough newborn history?
Up to 3 years old
How long do premies have to catch up before referral?
2 years
When do you start checking blood pressure?
3 years old
What is a xenobiotic?
Antibiotic taken by mom during pregnancy
Recommended sleep for infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and school aged kids?
Infant: 8-12 hours per night, 2-3 naps per day
Toddlers/preschoolers: 10-12 hours per night, daily nap
School age: 8-10 hours per night
When does visual acuity approach/reach 20/20?
School age/adolescents
When do you do scoliosis screening?
Start at age 9 and go to 2 years after peak height velocity
When does hand dominance emerge?
7-9 years old
