Growth And Development

Question 1

What is growth?

Answer 1

Increase in size (and mass)

Positive changes in size over a period of time

Increase in size and number of cells- increase in size and weight

Question 2

What is development?

Answer 2

Specialisation, organisation and maturation

Question 3

What is human growth and development?

Answer 3

Complex and dynamic physiological process

Involved changes in stature, body proportion, and composition

Question 4

What is maturation?

Answer 4

Universal sequence of biological events occurring in the body/brain that permit psychological functions to appear (provided infant is healthy and live in an environment containing people and objects)

Question 5

What are the 9 human life stages (in order)?

Answer 5

1) sperm/egg
2) fertilisation
3) zygote
4) blastocyst (hollow ball of cells)
5) embryo
6) fetus
7) child
8) adolescent
9) adult

Question 6

What are the 3 germ layers of the embryonic disc?

Answer 6

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 7

What are the 5 stages of Embryonic development?

Answer 7

1) fertilisation
2) cleavage
3) gastrulation
4) neurulation
5) organogenesis

Question 8

What is fertilisation?

Answer 8

Day 1

Moment when the ovum (egg) and the sperm join together- form a zygote (fertilised egg)

Question 9

What is cleavage?

Answer 9

Week 1-2

Mitotic cell division of fertilised egg- produces blastocyst (hollow ball of cells)

Question 10

What is gastrulation?

Answer 10

Week 3

Extensive cell movement

3 germ layers develop

3 layered embryo has primitive gut

Question 11

What is neurulation?

Answer 11

Week 3-4

Notochord develops- followed by neural plays from ectoderm layer

Neural plates fold inwards upon itself to form neural tube- develop into spinal cord and brain- forms CNS

Phollic acid is required for the formation of the spinal cord

Question 12

What is organogenesis?

Answer 12

Week 3-8

Internal organs (and tissues) develop from all 3 germ layers

Question 13

What are the components of the endoderm (internal layer)?

Answer 13

Lung cells

Thyroid cells

Pancreatic cells

Lining of the gut

Lining of the respiratory system

Question 14

What are the components of the mesoderm (middle layer)?

Answer 14

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle cells

Tubule cell of kidney

RBC

Smooth muscle (in gut)

Question 15

What are the components of the ectoderm (external layer)?

Answer 15

Skin cells of epidermis

Neurones of the brain

Pigment cells

Question 16

When does most growth take place?

Answer 16

Birth- 2 years

Adolescence (puberty)

Question 17

What is child development ?

Answer 17

Biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end if adolescence

Individual progressed from dependency to increasing autonomy

Continual process

Question 18

What is a cephalocaudal trend?

Answer 18

Growth proceeds from head to toe

Question 19

What is the proximodistal trend?

Answer 19

Growth in an inward to outward pattern (centre of body to the Peripheral)

Question 20

What is the function of thyroxine?

Answer 20

Secreted from thyroid gland

Normal brain development and overall rate of growth

Question 21

What is the function of adrenal androgen

Answer 21

Secreted from adrenal gland

Involved in some changes at puberty eg development of secondary sex characteristics in girls

Question 22

What is the function of testosterone?

Answer 22

Testes

Formation of male genitalia prenatally

Triggers sequence of changes in primary/secondary sex characteristics in males (at puberty)

Question 23

What is the function of estradiol?

Answer 23

Ovaries

Development in menstrual cycle and breast

Question 24

What is the function of growth hormones/activating hormones?

Answer 24

Pituitary gland

Rate of physical maturation

Signals other glands to activate them to secrete hormones

Question 25

What is synaptic pruning?

Answer 25

Getting rid of old/unused/useless connections and synapses