group cohesion Flashcards
cohesion definition
- desire of group members to achieve their goals
- forces acting to keep members within the group/ integrated and focused
- this can lead to success or can come from success
- can be task or social
Co-action definition
in some sports success comes from people all pulling together. Everyone completes the task at the same time separately.
E.g. a Rowing team pulling together
interaction definition
in other tasks success depends on everyone completing different roles but having to integrate them all together.
E.g. most team sports like netball, football etc
Carrons Antecedents - the factors that may affect cohesion
what are the 4 main influences on a team that may influence cohesion?
- environment factors: group size, geography, contractual obligations
- personal factors: group similarity, gender, aspirations/ satisfaction
- Team factors: ability, stability, desire for success, shared experiences
- leadership factors: leader style, leader-team relationship
what is task cohesion:
- individuals working together to achieve an end result/ common goal
- allows members to make their own contribution
what is social cohesion:
- individuals relating to each other to interact in the group
- allows support for each other and trust to develop
what affects Cohesion:
Affected by:
- communication
- past success
- sharing common goals
- unequal pay or rewards
- personality
- threats to the team
- type of sport
- size of the group
- similarity of group members
- likelihood of future success
Lack of cohesion is caused by…:
By:
- poor tactics
- lack of communication
- misunderstanding of roles or the coaches instructions
- bad timing
- poor strategies
- social loafing
Steiner Model (1972) Formula
Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity - Losses duo to Faulty Process
AP = PP - FP
what is Steiners model:
- Actual Productivity - the performance of the team during the game, the result: a win
- Potential Productivity - the groups best performance/ maximum capability when at optimal cohesiveness
< affected by skills and ability - Faulty Processes - factors that go wrong and reduce cohesiveness
< poor coordination or cooperation
< not listening to a coach, misunderstood patterns/roles, motivation poor cooperation and bad communication
what is the Ringelman Effect
- when group performance decreases with group size
- a study of ‘tug of war’ found that a team of eight did not pull eight times as hard as an individual
what is Social Loafing
- INDIVIDUAL loss of motivation in a team player due to a lock of performance identification when individual efforts are not realised.
- Social loafers take the easy option and make limited contribution to the cause, you can spot lazy players.
causes of social loafing
- low confidence
- lack of fitness
- low ability
- injury
- negative attitude
- failure to understand a role
- a belief your effort won’t change the result
- social inhibition
- poor leadership (coach/captain)
- no recognition of previous performances
- lack of reinforcement
- High State/ Trait Anxiety
how to avoid Social Loafing by Improving Cohesion
- highlighting individual performance
- statistics
- peer group pressure
- give specific roles/ responsibilities
- developing social cohesion
- praising rewarding behaviour
- raising individuals behaviour
- encouraging group identity (kits)
- ensuring leadership matches the group
- selecting players who work well together
- setting achievable, process goals rather than outcome goals.
- continually emphasising the team goal
- selecting player who don’t social loaf
- punish social loaf
- increasing coordination - team plays etc
- training with an audience present
