Gross Brain Flashcards
The brain has multiple subdivisions and is composed of what 3 things?
Forebrain
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Gray matter is areas containing what?
White matter is areas containing what?
Gray matter: glial/neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
White matter: axons that may be myelinated
Layers of gray matter over other parts of the CNS are called which of the following?
A. Nuclei
B. Cortices
C. Funiculus
D. Fasciculus
Cortices
NOTE: Nuclei is a collection of cell bodies with common function
Which of the following is a collection of cell bodies with common function?
A. Nuclei
B. Cortices
C. Funiculus
D. Fasciculus
Nuclei
White matter are areas where there is a collection of axons that are often myelinated. There are multiple terms that are used to describe white matter. What are the 5 names?
Fasciculus
Funiculus
Lemniscus
Peduncle
Tract
Fast Fun Lemurs Pedal on Tracks
What is the name given to particularly deep sulci, that are the groove between gyri?
Fissures
T/F: Folding into gyri and sulci increases the total cortical area and total number of cortical neurons
True
The two hemispheres of the brain are commected by a huge fiber bundle called the ______
Corpus Callosum
Identify the following structures
The Limbic Lobe is a strip of cortex that encircles which of the following junctions?
A. Pons and Medulla
B. Diencephalon-Telencephalon
C. Frontal and Temporal
D. None of the above
Diencephalon-Telencephalon
Which of the following gyri of the frontal lobe houses the Primary Motor Cortex?
A. Superior Frontal Gyrus
B. Middle Frontal Gyrus
C. Inferior Frontal Gyrus
D. Precentral Gyrus
Precentral Gyrus
NOTE: the premotor and supplementary motor areas occupy the remainder of the precentral gyrus
In which of the following areas of the frontal lobe would the planning and initiating of movements occur? What is the name of this area?
A. Precentral gyrus and portions of frontal gyri
B. Opercular and Triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
C. The rest of the frontal lobe
D. None of the above
Precentral gyrus and portions of frontal gyri
Premotor and Supplmentary Motor areas
Which of the following areas of the frontal lobe would be involved with executive functions, personality, decision making, insight, and foresight? What is the name of this area?
A. Precentral gyrus and portions of frontal gyri
B. Opercular and Triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
C. The rest of the frontal lobe
D. None of the above
The rest of the frontal lobe
Prefrontal Cortex
Which of the following areas of the frontal lobe would be involved with motor aspects of written and spoken language? What is the name of this area?
A. Precentral gyrus and portions of frontal gyri
B. Opercular and Triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
C. The rest of the frontal lobe
D. Orbital and Triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
Opercular and Triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
Broca’s Area
Which of the following portions of the Parietal Lobe controls processing of tactile and proprioceptive information, as well as sensory localization? What is the name of this area/cortex?
A. Superior Parietal Lobules
B. Postcentral Gyrus
C. Inferior Parietal Lobules
D. Remainder of parietal cortex
Postcentral Gyrus
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Which of the following portions of the Parietal Lobe is involved with language comprehension?
A. Superior Parietal Lobules
B. Postcentral Gyrus
C. Inferior Parietal Lobules
D. Remainder of parietal cortex
Inferior Parietal Lobules
Which of the following portions of the Parietal Lobe has aspects in spatial orientation and directing attention?
A. Superior Parietal Lobules
B. Postcentral Gyrus
C. Inferior Parietal Lobules
D. Remainder of parietal cortex
Remainder of Parietal Cortex
Which of the following lobes is associated with auditory areas?
A. Frontal
B. Temporal
C. Parietal
D. Limbic
E. Occipital
Temporal
THe inferior surface of the temporal lobe is made up of the broad _____________
A. Occipitoparietal fusiform gyrus
B. Occipitofrontal fusiform gyrus
C. Occipitotemporal fusiform gyrus
D. Temporfrontal fusiform gyrus
Occipitotemporal fusiform gyrus
Which of the following sulci seperates the occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus from the lingual gyrus of the Temporal Lobe?
A. Cingulate Sulcus
B. Collateral Sulcus
C. Lateral Sulcus
D. Inferior Temporal Sulcus
Collateral Sulcus
Which of the following areas of the Temporal Lobe is associated with the Primary Auditory Cortex?
A. Superior Surface continuing as a small area of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
B. Posterior portion of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
C. Inferior Surface of the Temporal Lobe
D. Most medial portiion of the Temporal Lobe
Superior Surface continuing as a small area of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
Which of the following areas of the Temporal Lobe is involved with high-order processing of visual information?
A. Superior Surface continuing as a small area of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
B. Posterior portion of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
C. Inferior Surface of the Temporal Lobe
D. Most medial portiion of the Temporal Lobe
Inferior Surface of the Temporal Lobe
Which of the following areas of the Temporal Lobe is involved important in the comprehension of language? What is the name of this area?
A. Superior Surface continuing as a small area of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
B. Posterior portion of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
C. Inferior Surface of the Temporal Lobe
D. Most medial portiion of the Temporal Lobe
Posterior portion of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
Wernicke’s Area
Which of the following areas of the Temporal Lobe is involved in learning and memory?
A. Superior Surface continuing as a small area of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
B. Posterior portion of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
C. Inferior Surface of the Temporal Lobe
D. Most medial portiion of the Temporal Lobe
Most medial portiion of the Temporal Lobe
T/F: The Temporal Lobe includes portions of the supramarginal and angular gyri
True
The Limbic Structures are mostly composed of what two gyri?
A. Lingual and Parahippocampal
B. Occipitotemporal and Parahippocampal
C. Cingulate and Parahippocampal
D. Collateral and Parahippocampal
Cingulate and Parahippocampal
Which of the following correctly describes the uncus, as it is part of the limbic structure?
A. The medial bump formed on the posterior end of parahippocampal gyrus hooked back on itself
B. The medial bump formed on the anterior end of parahippocampal gyrus hooked back on itself
C. The lateral bump formed on the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus hooked back on itself
D. The lateral bump formed on the posterior end of parahippocampal gyrus hooked back on itself
The medial bump formed on the anterior end of parahippocampal gyrus hooked back on itself
Which of the following is the Limbic lobe important for?
A. Memory and learning
B. Smooth movements and coordination
C. Emotional responses, drive-related behavior, and memory
D. Memory, spatial awarness, tactile
Emotional responses, drive-related behavior, and memory
Below are the 4 major structures that are associated with the Limbic Lobe, as highlighted by Dr. Dennis. Which of the following is closely related to fear and emotion?
A. Uncus
B. Parahippocampal Gyrus
C. Hippocampus
D. Amygdala
Amygdala
What’s the name of the structure that lies buried beneath the LAteral Sulcus, concelead by portions of the Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes?
Insula
Which of the following locations in the Occipital Lobe houses the Primary Visual Cortex?
A. Lateral Surface
B. Wall of the Calcarine Sulcus
C. Walls of the Parietoccipital Sulcus
D. None of the above
Wall of the Calcarine Sulcus
The remainder of the occipital lobe that does not include the primary visual cortex, lateral occipital gyri, or cuneus is considered the visual assocaition cortex. What is this cortex involved with?
High order processing of visual information
What 4 structures are pary of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
The Basal Nuclei is a group of nuclei that lie deep to the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere. It’s composed of the caudate and lenticular nucleus. The lenticular nucleus is further divided into what 2 structures?
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
The Lenticular Nuclei are physically seperated from the thalamus and caudate by a thick sheet of fibers called…
A. Internal Capsule
B. External Capsule
C. Third Ventricle
D. Lateral Ventricle
Internal Capsule
NOTE: The internal capsule contains most of the fibers interconnecting the cerebral cortex and deep structures (thalamus, basal nuclei, brainstem)
T/F: Everything but olfaction goes through the thalamus
True
Which of the following types of central white matter connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri?
A. Arcuate Fibers
B. Longitudinal (association) Fasciculi
C. Projection Tracts
D. Anterior Commissure
E. Corpus Callosum
Arcuate Fibers
Which of the following types of central white matter connect cortical areas within other body regions?
A. Arcuate Fibers
B. Longitudinal (association) Fasciculi
C. Projection Tracts
D. Anterior Commissure
Projection Tracts
Which of the following types of central white matter connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere?
A. Arcuate Fibers
B. Longitudinal (association) Fasciculi
C. Projection Tracts
D. Anterior Commissure
E. Corpus Callosum
Longitudinal (association) Fasciculi
The Anterior Commissure are white matter commissural fibers that go to or from which of the following lobes?
A. Frontal Lobe (especially inferior part)
B. Parietal Lobe (especially superior part)
C. Temporal Lobe (especially superior part)
D. Occipital Lobe (especially superior part)
E. Temporal Lobe (especially inferior part)
Temporal Lobe (especially inferior part)
The Internal Capsule is another white matter tract that divided into 5 limbs which are listed below. Which of the following limbs contains the Frontopontine, Anterior thalmic and Frontal eye field fibers?
A. Anterior Limb
B. Genu
C. Posterior Limb
D. Sublenticular Limb
E. Retrolenticular Limb
Anterior Limb
The Internal Capsule is another white matter tract that divided into 5 limbs which are listed below. Which of the following limbs works exclusively with the Corticonuclear fibers?
A. Anterior Limb
B. Genu
C. Posterior Limb
D. Sublenticular Limb
E. Retrolenticular Limb
Genu
Which of the following components of the brainstem houses the paired cerebral peduncles?
A. midbrain
B. pons
C. open portion of medulla
D. closed portion of medulla
midbrain
the cerebral peduncles make up most of the midbrain
Which of the following structures of the midbrain are found posterior to the cerebral aqueduct?
A. Tectum
B. superior and inferior colliculi
C. cerebral peduncles
D. All of the above
superior and inferior colliculi
Which of the following components of the brainstem forms part of the floor of the 4th ventricle?
A. Tectum of midbrain
B. Pontine Tegmentum
C. Medulla (open portion)
D. Medulla (closed portion)
Pontine Tegmentum
Does the open or closed portion of the medulla contain part of the 4th ventricle?
Which portion is continuous with the brainstem?
Open portion (more superior/rostral) contains part of the 4th ventricle
Closed portion (more inferior/caudal) is continuous with the spinal cord
The Posterior Rootlets enter the spinal cord via which of teh following?
A. Anterolateral sulcus
B. Anteromedial Sulcus
C. Posterolateral Sulcus
D. Posteromedial Sulcus
Posterolateral Sulcus
The Anterior Rootlets enter the spinal cord via which of the following?
A. Anterolateral sulcus
B. Anteromedial Sulcus
C. Posterolateral Sulcus
D. Posteromedial Sulcus
Anterolateral sulcus
Which of the following correctly characterizes Clark’s nucleus or the posterior thoracic nucleus found in the spinal cord? What does this nucleus have a prominent role in?
A. White matter located between Substantia Gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord
B. Region of gray matter that caps the anterior horn
C. Region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn
D. Cells located on the lateral surface of the base of the posterior horn (T1-L2)
E. Cells located on the medial surface of the base of posterior horn (T1-L2)
Cells located on the medial surface of the base of posterior horn (T1-L2)
Clark’s nucleus has a promonent role in sensory processing
Which of the following correctly characterizes the Substantia Gelatinosa?
A. White matter located between Substantia Gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord
B. Region of gray matter that caps the anterior horn
C. Region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn
D. Cells located on the lateral surface of the base of the posterior horn (T1-L2)
E. Cells located on the medial surface of the base of posterior horn (T1-L2)
Region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn
Which of the following correctly characterizes the Lissauer’s Tract?
A. White matter located between Substantia Gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord
B. Region of gray matter that caps the anterior horn
C. Region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn
D. Cells located on the lateral surface of the base of the posterior horn (T1-L2)
E. Cells located on the medial surface of the base of posterior horn (T1-L2)
White matter located between Substantia Gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord
The anterior horn of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of which of the following?
A. Sensory neurons and interneurons
B. Uppermotor neurons supplying smooth muscle
C. Lowermotor neurons supplying skeletal muscle
D. preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the interomediolateral cell column
Lowermotor neurons supplying skeletal muscle
The Intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord is a collection of various projection neurons, sensory interneuonsm and interneurons. The preganglionic sympathetic neurons of what spinal level form the lateral horns? How do these axons leave?
A. T1-L3
B. T2-L4
C. S2-S4
D. S1-S5
T1-L3
Axons leave via Ventral roots
The Intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord is a collection of various projection neurons, sensory interneuonsm and interneurons. The sacral parasympathetic nucleus does not form a distinct lateral horn, and spans what spinal levels?
A. T1-L3
B. T2-L4
C. S2-S4
D. S1-S5
S2-S4
Which of the following lamina is a thin layer of gray matter that coveres the substantia gelatinosa, and functions as some spinothalmic tract cells? What spinal levels does it span?
A. Lamina II
B. Lamina I (marginal zone)
C. Lamina III-VI
D. Lamina VII
Lamina I (marginal zone)
ALL
Which of the following lamina is considered the substantia gelatinosa, and functions to modulate the transmission of pain and temperature information? What spinal levels does it span?
A. Lamina II
B. Lamina I (marginal zone)
C. Lamina III-VI
D. Lamina VII
Lamina II
ALL
Which of the following lamina forms the body of the posterior horn, and functions as sensory processing? What spinal levels does it span?
A. Lamina II
B. Lamina I (marginal zone)
C. Lamina III-VI
D. Lamina VII
Lamina III-VI
ALL
Which of the following lamina corresponds to the intermediate gray matter called Clarke’s nucleus and also includes extensions into the anterior horn? What spinal levels does it span?
A. Lamina II
B. Lamina I (marginal zone)
C. Lamina III-VI
D. Lamina VII
Lamina VII
T1-L2
All of the following lamina are found at all spinal levels, EXCEPT for which of the following? This lamina also functions with posterior spinocerebellar tract cells.
A. Lamina II
B. Lamina I (marginal zone)
C. Lamina III-VI
D. Lamina VII
Lamina VII
Which of the following lamina comprises some of the interneuron zones of the anterior horn?
A. Lamina VII
B. Lamina VIII
C. Lamina IX
D. LAmina X
LAmina VIII
Which of the following lamina is the zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal?
A. Lamina VII
B. Lamina VIII
C. Lamina IX
D. LAmina X
Lamina X
Which of the following lamina consists of the clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn?
A. Lamina VII
B. Lamina VIII
C. Lamina IX
D. LAmina X
Lamina IX
Which of the following lamina corresponds with the intermediolateral column and functions with the preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
A. Lamina VII (T1-L2)
B. Lamina VII (T1-L3)
C. Lamina VII (S2-S4)
D. Lamina IX (Medulla-C5)
E. Lamina IX (C3-C5)
Lamina VII (T1-L3)
Which of the following lamina corresponds with the Phrenic nucleus and functions as a motor neuron to innervate the diaphragm?
A. Lamina VII (T1-L2)
B. Lamina VII (T1-L3)
C. Lamina VII (S2-S4)
D. Lamina IX (Medulla-C5)
E. Lamina IX (C3-C5)
Lamina IX (C3-C5)
Which of the following lamina corresponds with the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and functions as preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the pelvic viscera?
A. Lamina VII (T1-L2)
B. Lamina VII (T1-L3)
C. Lamina VII (S2-S4)
D. Lamina IX (Medulla-C5)
E. Lamina IX (C3-C5)
Lamina VII (S2-S4)
Which of the following lamina corresponds with the accessory nucleus, and functions as motor neurons that head to the SCM and trapezius?
A. Lamina VII (T1-L2)
B. Lamina VII (T1-L3)
C. Lamina VII (S2-S4)
D. Lamina IX (Medulla-C5)
E. Lamina IX (C3-C5)
D. Lamina IX (Medulla-C5)
With a few exceptions, sensory primary afferents are ______
A. Contralateral
B. Unilateral
C. Ipsilateral
D. All of the above
Ipsilateral
Primary afferent neurons terminate in the CNS onto which of the following?
A. Second-order neurons
B. 3rd order neurons
C. targeted cortical area
D. Thalamus
Second-order neurons
Which of the following neurons goes to a specific cortical area?
A. Second-order neurons
B. 3rd order neurons
C. targeted cortical area
D. Thalamus
3rd order neurons
Which of the following tracts is associated with touch/propriocephtion? define the others
A. Spinothalmic pathway
B. Posterior Column Lemniscus pathway
C. Corticospinal pathway
Lemniscus pathway
spinothalmic: pain/temperature
corticospinal: voluntary motor output
All of the following are ascending tracts, EXCEPT for which of the following that is a descending tract?
A. Posterior Columns
B. Spinocerebellar tracts
C. Anterolateral Tracts
D. Corticospinal tracts
Corticospinal tracts
Which of the following ascending tracts relays information to the cerebellum, thalamus, and motor cortex to influence efficient motor activity?
A. Posterior Columns
B. Spinocerebellar tracts
C. Anterolateral System (ALS)
D. None
Spinocerebellar tracts
Which of the following ascending tracts relays pain, temperature, and nondiscriminative touch from the body NOT face?
A. Posterior Columns
B. Spinocerebellar tracts
C. Anterolateral System (ALS)
D. None
Anterolateral System (ALS)
Which of the following descending tracts influences motor neurons innervating primarily the axial and neck musculature?
A. Corticospinal tract
B. Vestibulospinal tract
C. Rubrospinal fibers
Vestibulospinal tract
Which of the following descending tracts excite flexor motor neurons anf inhibits extensor motor neurons?
A. Corticospinal tract
B. Vestibulospinal tract
C. Rubrospinal fibers
Rubrospinal fibers
Which of the following locations would you find the Primary visual cortex?
A. Postcentral Gyrus
B. Calcarine Sulcus
C. Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
D. Superior Temporal Temporal Gyrus (superior part)
Calcarine Sulcus
Which of the following locations would you find the limbic system>
A. Postcentral Gyrus
B. Calcarine Sulcus
C. Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
D. Superior Temporal Temporal Gyrus (superior part)
Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
Which of the following locations would you find the Primary Auditory Cortex?
A. Postcentral Gyrus
B. Calcarine Sulcus
C. Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
D. Superior Temporal Gyrus (superior part)
E. Superior Temporal Gyrus (posterior part)
Superior Temporal Gyrus (superior part)
Note: The Wernicke’s is found in the posterior part
Sensory information foes to the ______ side.
A. Ipsilateral
B. Contralateral
C. Unilateral
D. All of the above
Contralateral
What is the spinocerebellar tract involved with?
Do first order neurons or second order neurons cross contralaterally?
Coordination of Movements
Second order cross contralaterally, and first are ipsilateral
