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Respiratory > grey folder Q > Flashcards

grey folder Q Flashcards

1
Q

Ipratropium group?

A

Antimuscarinic bronchodilators

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2
Q

Ipratropium 2 main uses?

A

Asthma

(2) COPD

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3
Q

Ipratropium moa?

A

Inhibit M1-3 muscarinic

receptors –> bronchodilation

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4
Q

Ipratropium 2 important side effects

A

Dry mouth

GI upset

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5
Q

Dalteparin class?

A

low molecular weight heparin

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6
Q

Naftidrofuryl affect on blood vessels?

A

vasodilation

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7
Q

Dalteparin moa>

A

inhibits factor X and thrombin

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8
Q

citalopram moa?

A

SSRI

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9
Q

gliclazide group?

A

sulfonylurea

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10
Q

gliclazide main use?

A

diabetes

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11
Q

Amlodipine moa?

A

Ca2+ channel blocker

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12
Q

Amlodipine main uses?

-2

A

HTN

ischaemic heart disease aka coronary artery disease

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13
Q

on CXR you see many white clouds/balls.

what is this called?

usual causes?
-2

A

cannonball metastases

renal or testicular cancer

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14
Q

antidote to heparin?

A

protamine sulfate

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15
Q

antidote to warfarin?

A

vit K

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16
Q

someone is bleeding a lot.

what antifibrinolytics can you give that makes more blood clots?

A

tranexamic acid

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17
Q

surgical treatment for haemoptysis in lungs called?

what does it invole

A

Bronchial artery embolization

catheter into bronchial artery, find bleeding, and put clot there (metallic coil, or gelatin sponge)

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18
Q

most common infective cause for acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

haemophilus influenzae

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19
Q

most common viral infective cause for acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

rhinovirus

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20
Q

acute exacerbation of COPD.

what anti-inflammatory for you give?

  • name
  • strength
  • how long
A

prednisolone
30mg
7-14 days

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21
Q

2 main pathological features happening inside lungs of acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A 
pulmonary oedema (fluid in alveoli)
diffuse lung inflammation
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22
Q

pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.

what ward do they go to?

A

ITU

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23
Q

pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.
with low O2, low BP and is septic.

Mx?
-3 things

A

give O2
give vasopressors
antibiotics (if infected)

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24
Q

pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.

what can happen to BP?

A

low BP

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25
Q

pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.

what Ix is used to check there is no cardiogenic cause?

A

pulmonary artery wedge pressure

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26
Q

main imaging test for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

what do you see?

A

CXR

fluid in lungs/alveoli

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27
Q

pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.

what do you hear on auscultation?

A

bilateral lung crackles

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28
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality rate?

A

40%

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29
Q

what is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?

A

allergic reaction to aspergillus spores

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30
Q

pt has allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

what are the 2 main abnormal changes that happen inside the lungs?

A

bronchoconstriction

bronchiectasis

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31
Q

pt has allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

because this is an allergic reaction,

what leukocyte will be raised?

A

eosinophils

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32
Q

pt has allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

because this is an allergic reaction,

what antibody will be raised?

name of test to check if this antibody is raised?

A

IgE

radioallergosorbent test

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33
Q

1st line drug class allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?

A

corticosteroids

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34
Q

2nd line drug allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?
-name

group of this drug?

A

itraconazole

antifungal

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35
Q

alpha-1-antritypin protects against what enzyme?

A

neutrophil elastase

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36
Q

alpha-1-antritypin deficiency causes what lung problem?

A

emphysema

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37
Q

alpha-1-antritypin deficiency causes what liver problem?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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38
Q

alpha-1-antritypin deficiency can cause what problem in children?

A

cholestasis

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39
Q

pt has alpha-1-antritypin deficiency.

1st line lifestyle change?

A

stop smoking

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40
Q

main Ix to check alpha-1-antritypin deficiency levels?

A

alpha-1-antritypin concentration (blood test)

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41
Q

what drug can be used prophylactically against altitude sickness?

class?

A

acetazolamide

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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42
Q

drug to treat pulmonary oedema caused by high altitude?

moa/class?

A

nifedipine

Ca2+ channel blocker

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43
Q

drug to treat cerebral oedema caused by high altitude?

class?

A

dexamethasone

corticosteroid

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44
Q

3 main symptoms of asthma?

A

wheeze
tight chest
SOB

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45
Q

spirometry result on asthma, what goes down?

A

FEV1

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46
Q

FEV/FVC ratio of asthma?

A

<0.7

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47
Q

is asthma obstructive or restrictive?

A

obstructive

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48
Q

suspected asthma in adult,

2 main Ix used to diagnose?

A

spirometry with bronchodilator reversibility test

FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide)

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49
Q

suspected asthma in adult,

2 main Ix used to diagnose?

positive result for asthma in each?

A

spirometry with bronchodilator reversibility test - FEV/FVC ratio is < 0.7 & FEV1 improves by 12%

FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide) - adults >40ppb = positive

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50
Q

biggest risk factor for atelectasis?

A

surgery

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51
Q

what is bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy?

A

enlarged lymph nodes at both lung’s hila

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52
Q

bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, most common causes?

-2

A

sarcoidosis

tuberculosis

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53
Q

1st line drug for bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy that is symptomatic?
-name

A

prednisolone

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54
Q

1st line Mx for bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy that is asymptomatic?

A

do nothing

55
Q

person has bronchiectasis.

hallmark feature on CXR?

A

tram lines

56
Q

person has bronchiectasis.

hallmark feature on CXR?

A

tram tracks

57
Q

hallmark symptom of bronchiectasis

A

daily purulent sputum production

58
Q

person has bronchiectasis.

hallmark feature on CT?

A

signet ring

59
Q

what do you give all together to someone having an acute asthma attack?
-4

A

O2
salbutamol
hydrocortisone
ipratropium

60
Q

lots of coal dust exposure causes what lung disease?

A

coal worker’s pneumoconiosis

61
Q

what is the main white blood cell implicated in coal worker’s pneumoconiosis?

high levels of this wbc in the alveoli causes what basically?

A

macrophages

alveoli/ lung damage

62
Q

coal worker’s pneumoconiosis spirometry result and ratio?

A

low FVC

FEV1/FVC >0.7

63
Q

is coal worker’s pneumoconiosis obstructive or restrictive?

A

restrictive

64
Q

coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, CXR findings?

-2 main features seen

A

opacities

fibrosis

65
Q

churg strauss syndrome is aka?

A

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

66
Q

what is churg strauss syndrome?

A

an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) associated small-medium vessel vasculitis

67
Q

which antibody is implicated in churg strauss syndrome?

abbreviation for this antibody?

name of blood test to check for this antibody?

A

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

ANCA

serum ANCA

68
Q

what inflammatory maker do you check for in churg strauss syndrome and will be raised?

A

↑CRP

69
Q

symptoms of churg strauss syndrome?

-3

A

allergic rhinitis - sneeze
sinusitis - blocked nose
asthma - wheeze

70
Q

churg strauss syndrome, what is seen on rhinoscope?

A

polyps

71
Q

causes of chronic cough?

A 
smoking
ACE-I
Upper airway cough syndrome aka post-nasal drip 
asthma
GORD
72
Q

main 3 lower respiratory symptoms?

A

nose - runny, blocked, sneezing
sore throat
hoarse voice

73
Q

main 3 upper respiratory symptoms?

A

cough
wheeze
dyspnoea/SOB

74
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis is aka?

A

extrinsic allergic alveolitis

75
Q

define hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles caused by immune response to inhaled allergens?

76
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:

bird fancier’s lung is caused by which allergen?

A

acvian protein

77
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:

farmer’s lung is caused by which allergen?

A

Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula spores

78
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:

malt worker’s lung is caused by which allergen?

A

aspergillus clavatus

79
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:

thermophilic actinomycetes will cause what type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

mushroom worker’s lung

80
Q

define granuloma?

A

small pocket of macrophages

81
Q

what is epistaxis?

A

bleeding from nose

82
Q

what two drug can be used for daytime sleepiness?

A

ritalin

modafinil

83
Q

most common carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms?

A

headache

84
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms?

-4

A

headache
N&V

confusion
vertigo

85
Q

pt has suspected carbon monoxide poisoning.

what should you measure in their blood?

what test will measure this?

A

carboxyhaemoglobin levels

venous or arterial blood gas analysis

86
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning, gold.S Ix?

A

venous or arterial blood gas analysis

87
Q

what is sarcoidosis?

A

diagnosis of exclusion of granulomatous lung disease from unknown aetiology

88
Q

what category of diagnosis is sarcoidosis?

A

diagnosis of exclusion

89
Q

cause of sarcoidosis?

A

unknown

90
Q

ethnicity at risk of sarcoidosis?

A

afro-Caribbean

91
Q

gender at risk of sarcoidosis?

A

female

92
Q

age group at risk of sarcoidosis?

A

young adults

93
Q

symptoms of sarcoidosis?

-2

A

erythema nodosum

lupus pernio

94
Q

auscultate pt with sarcoidosis, what do you hear?

-2

A

wheeze and rhonci

95
Q

what is lupus pernio?

A

raised, purple lesions on skin of face

96
Q

difference between wheeze and rhonci?

what structural changes in airways causes wheeze and rhonci?

A

wheeze - high pitched
rhonci - low pitched

narrowed airway

97
Q

1st line Ix for sarcoidosis?

A

CXR

98
Q

1st line MX for sarcoidosis?

- drug class

A

corticosteroids

99
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

air in pleural space

100
Q

what is a primary pneumothorax?

A

resp illness not present

101
Q

what is a secondary pneumothorax?

A

resp illness present

102
Q

tension pneumothorax Mx?

A

asap decompression with needle

103
Q

Immediate supportive Mx for a pneumothorax?

A

give Ox

104
Q

conclusive Mx for a pneumothorax?

-2 options

A

needle aspiration or chest drain

105
Q

what happens to trachea in pneumothorax?

A

shifts to contralateral side

106
Q

in pneumothorax what do you notice on percussion?

why?

A

ipsilateral side hyper-resonant

this side has more air

107
Q

gold.S Ix for PE?

A

CTPA

108
Q

best blood test to check PE?

A

D-dimer

109
Q

PE symptoms?
-3

bed side PE observations?
-2

A

pleuritic chest pain
haemoptysis
SOB

tachycardia
tachypnoea

110
Q

PE Mx acute?
- drug name

PE Mx 24 hours after above drug given?
- drug name

A

low molecular weigh heparin

warfarin

111
Q

massive PE Mx?

A

thrombolysis

112
Q

most common cause of bronchiolitis in children?

A

respiratory syncytial virus

113
Q

severity and prognosis for most respiratory syncytial virus infections?

A

mild

& self limiting

114
Q

what is rhinorrhoea?

A

nose filled with mucus

115
Q

is respiratory syncytial virus usually an upper or lower resp tract infection?

A

lower resp tract infection?

116
Q

respiratory syncytial virus symptoms?

A

cough
wheeze
rhinorrhoea
high respiratory rate

117
Q

child with respiratory syncytial virus comes to GP.

GP’s 1st line Ix?

A

pulse oximeter

118
Q

child with respiratory syncytial virus.

1st line Mx to relieve rhinorrhoea?

A

suction bulb

119
Q

for a moderate respiratory syncytial virus infection.

what drug do you give?

  • name
  • class
A

prednisolone

corticosteroids

120
Q

what category of diagnosis is influenza?

A

clinical diagnosis

121
Q

influenza symptoms?

-5

A 
rhinorrhoea
cough
fever
headache
myalgia
122
Q

1st line Mx for most influenza pts?

  • 2 drugs
  • give names
A

paracetamol or ibuprofen

123
Q

what antiviral Mx can be used for more severe influenza?

A

oseltamivir

124
Q

hallmark feature of measles?

A

koplik (red) spots in mouth then rash

125
Q

what type of blood Ix is used to confirm measles?

what are you checking for in the blood sample?

A

ELISA - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

measles specific IgM antibodies

126
Q

1st line Mx for most measles patients?

- 2 drugs can be given (give names)

A

supportive - paracetamol or ibuprofen

127
Q

asides from supportive Mx for a measles pt what other thing must be done?

why?

A

inform public health of infection

measles is a notifiable disease

128
Q

you percuss pleural effusion.

sound?

A

dull

129
Q

Ix to diagnose parainfluenza virus?

A

RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

130
Q

Ix for parainfluenza virus?

A

supportive only

131
Q

age group effected by parainfluenza virus mainly?

A

infants

132
Q

1st line Mx for pleural effusion caused by malignancy?

A

thoracentesis

133
Q

pt has TB.

drugs for first 2 months?

drugs for next 4 months?

A 
1st 2 months:
Rifampicin
Isoniazid 
Pyrazinamide 
Ethambutol

then next 4 months:
Rifampicin
Isoniazid

134
Q

special test used for TB?

A

mantoux test

Respiratory (22 decks)

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