Grape Growing & Wine Making Flashcards
Define the best way to handle….
Insects and arachnids
Sprays, natural predators
Define acidification
Normally carried out by the addition of tartaric acid in powder form
What do the trendrils do?
Tentrils are used to grip a supporting structure and keep the structure upright
Define a clone?
Select specimes of a specific vine that are propagated for their favourale characteristics that have emerged through generations by mutations
Define bench grafting
A short section of cane is cut from the rootstock variet and another section of cane of an identical diameter is cut from V. Vinifera variety. They are then spliced together by machine and stoed in a humid environment to heal and form a callus.
What is the first stage of the vine’s growth cycle?
Budburst
What temperature variation do the vines require during the growing season?
16 - 22 degress celcius
Define a cutting?
A section taken from a healthy shoot before it has become woody. Then planted and takes root and grows into a new plant
Define the best way to handle….
Nematodes
Suitable rootstock and sanitise the soil
When in the vine growth phase does Verasion and Ripening occure (Northern and Southern Hemisphere)
Northern - July / Sept
Souther - Jan / March
Define depth filtration
Works by passing wine through a permeable material that traps solid particles
What are the three main uses of glucose?
- The vine combines the small glucose molecules into larger carbohydrates and are used as the building blocks for all of its structures
- Like a battery the energy can be stored and released when needed for living processes
- Glucose is concentrated into the fruit - making the fruit attractive to animals necessary to propagate
Define the best way to handle….
Fungal diseases
Sprays
Define climate?
Climate is the annual weather patterns averaged over several years
What does the inflorescene bcome when successfully pollinated?
Bunches of grapes
What is the vine species for fruit?
Vitis Viniefera
Define layering?
Layering works by bending a cane down and burying a section in the ground. The buried section will take root and is then cut from the original cane.
What is Cab Sauv a cross of
Cab Franc and Sauvignon Blanc
What constituents the pulp of a grape?
Water, sugar, and acides (tartric and malic)
When in the vine growth phase does Dormancy occure (Northern and Southern Hemisphere)
Northern - Dec/ March
Southern - July / Sept
Define Shoots?
The new growth a vine produces each year
What is the final stage of the vine’s growth cycle?
Sugar Ripening
&
Physiological Ripening
Define a crossing?
Any variest that is grown from seed whose parent vines are both Vitis Inifera
What are the 8 factors associated with temperature?
- Latitude
- Altitude
- Ocean Currents
- Fog
- Soil
- Aspect
- Continentality
- Diurnal Range
What is pinotage a cross of?
Pinot Noir and Cinsault
Define weather?
Weather is the variation that happens within these patterns on an annual basis
What are in the pips and stems of a grape?
High levels of tanin
When in the vine growth phase does FLowering and Fruit Set occure (Northern and Southern Hemisphere)
Northern - May / June
Southern - Nov / Dec
What is a bunch of flowers called?
Infloresences
Define verasion?
Gapes change color and ripening begins
Define yield
Measured in weight of grape or volume of liquid per area. Hard to predict due to annual variation in weather and disease. NO link between yield and fruit quality.
Diefine tartrate stabilisation
Tartrate crystals are precipitated prior to packaging by chilling the wine so that they do not apear once the wine is released for sale
What are the two types filtrations?
Surface filtration and Depth Filtration
What are the three forms of climates?
- Continental
- Maritime
- Mediterranean
What makes up the skins of a grape?
Color, tannin, and flavors
Why is one year old wood vital for vinegrowers?
Vines will only produce fruit on shoots that grow from buds that developed the previous year
When in the vine growth phase does Shoot and Leaf Growth occure (Northern and Southern Hemisphere)
Northern - March / August
Southern - September / March
What is the permanent wood made up of?
The trunk and the arms of the vine - or the cordons
What are two forms of winery vessels that control the interaction with common elements?
Oak - allows controlled oxygen
Inert - add no flavor and keep oxygen out from the wine - i.e stainless steel and concrete
When in the vine growth phase does Harvest occure (Northern and Southern Hemisphere)
Northern - Sept / October
Southern - March / April
What is the second stage of the vine’s growth cylce?
Flowering and Flower Set
Define Surface filtration?
A tight sieve that is typically only for the final treatement as they clog easily.
What is found at each node?
A leaf and a flower
or
A leaf and a tendril
Define the best way to handle….
Birds and Mamals
Physical Barries
Define fining?
Improves the clarification of sedimentation by encouraging the smallest non-colloid particle to clmp together and deposit. It is alos used to remove colloids that my cause a haze of deposit after bottling.
Can also be added to effect the flavor and character of wine - specificall egg whites to remove astringent tannins without impacting flavor.
What are the four stages of the vine’s growth cycle?
- Budburst
- Flowering & Fruit Set
- Verasion
- Sugar & Phsiological Ripening
Define microbiological stabilisation?
Yeast and bacteria that can spoi a wine are either removed by filtration or killed by pasteurisation
What is surface filtration when the sieve is fine enough to remove bacteria
Sterile Filtration
When do shoots turn woody?
During the winter after they have grown
Define physiological ripening
Colors, flavors, and tanins develop
What is the third stage of the vine’s growth cycle?
Verasion
Define transpiration
When water is drawn up to the leaves from the soil through the root system.
What is the principal east that converts sugar to alcohol, CO2 and heat?
Caccharomyces cerevisiae
What does malic acid convert to during malolactic fermentation? And what causes it?
Into Lactic acid
Bacteria handle the conversion
Define de-acidicication
achieved by neutralizing some grape acid by adding chemicals such as potassium bicarbonate
What does the permanent wood do? And in what climates does it really help with?
The permanent wood stores carbohydrates reserves. They are then used to fuel initial shoot grow until leaves can supple their own carbohydrates.
This is especially important in areas with a cool slow start to the growing season.
When in the vine growth phase does Budburst occure (Northern and Southern Hemisphere)
Northern - March / April
Southern - Sept Oct
What is the vine vigour measured by?
The number of shoots and leaves it gows in a season.
Hybrids have been outlawed for use in quality wine making since the 50s. What are they currently used for?
Rootstock
Define the best way to handle….
Viral and bacteria diseases
No cure…
What are the 3 functions of the roots?
- Absorb water and nutrients
- Anchor the vine
- Storage of Carbs
What are the three vine species for rootstock?
- Vitis Riparia
- Vitis Rupestris
- Vitis Berlandieri
Define the best way to handle….
Phylloxera?
Suitable rootstock
Define what happens when the grapes are recieved?
Grapes are treated with SO2 and are sorted
Buds can be described as embryonic shoots. Why?
Once formed they mature inside their casing during the growing season, by the end of the year they contain all the miniature structures that will become shoots, leaves, flowers, and tendrils the following year
Define sugar ripening
Sugar levels rise, and acid level falls
Define enrichment
Adding sugar or removing water to raise potential alcohol
What is a hybrid?
Any variety tyhat is frown from seed whose parent vines came from different vine species
What can too much sunlight do to the grapes?
Can cause sunburn and give the graps a bitter taste
What is Muller Thurgau
Riesling and Madeline Royale
When would a wine maker consider their wine stable?
If over a specified time frame it changes in a slow and predictable manner
What are the number of regulary spaced bumps on a shoot called?
Nodes
Define Head grafting?
The existing vine is cut back so that only the trunk remains and either a bud or a cutting from the new variety is grated onto the trunk. If successful it will produce the new fruit.
This is done if the grower needs to switch varietal one season to the next.
What are leaves of the vine used for?
They are the plants engine. They are responsible for photosynthesis
What is Phylloxera?
Phylloxera is a root loose that is fatal to vitis vinifera. The only reliable solution is to graft vitis vinifera to non-vinifera rootstock that can resist the pest.
