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Grape Growing - Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

Define viticulture

A
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2
Q

What are the factors of production that influence grape growing?

A
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3
Q

What are the factors occurring from nature plus manmade decisions in the vineyard that affect wine quality?

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4
Q

What are common types of viticulture?

A

Organic
Biodynamic
Sustainable
Dry farming

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5
Q

What are location and geography considerations?

A

Site location of vineyard
Goals of wine producer
Regional wine laws
Financial considerations

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6
Q

Define climate

A

The weather conditions in an area in general or over a long period of time. This includes: temperature, humidity, air pressure, rainfall, sunshine, cloud cover, wind, and other elements that are relatively stable from year to year. *Climate and weather are different!

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7
Q

What are the types of climate?

A

Continental
Maritime
Mediterranean
Desert/Arid

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8
Q

What are climate descriptors?

A

Cool
Moderate
Warm
Hot

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9
Q

What is a macroclimate, mesoclimate and microclimate?

A

Macroclimate: the climate of an area, such as a wine region.
Mesoclimate: the climate of a vineyard.
Microclimate: the climate around a single vine.

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10
Q

What are degree-days?

A

Days during the growing season are assigned individual growing degree-days according to the number of days that the average temperature exceeds the threshold of over 50°F.

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11
Q

Where do grapes grow?

A

Latitudinal Wine Growing Zones: Most wine-growing regions are within the 30-50° degree latitudinal lines. Wine-growing regions may exist outside this range mainly due to climate moderators.

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12
Q

What are climate moderators?

A

Factors that affect the general climate of an area such as:
Altitude
Diurnal shifts
Sunshine hours
Bodies of water
Wind
Rain shadow effect

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13
Q

How do major wine regions of the world experience climate moderation and how the moderation affects grape growing?

A

Understand how major wine regions of the world experience climate moderation and how the moderation affects grape growing. Examples include: Alsace, Rhône Valley, Chile, Mendoza, parts of Napa and Sonoma County, California, Columbia Valley, Washington and many (others). Examples of moderators include the San Pablo Bay, Benguela Current, Humboldt Current, etc.

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14
Q

What is topography in wine?

A

The surface features of the land, such as local elevation or altitude. This includes local mountains, hills, valleys, and bodies of water.

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15
Q

What is the topography for important wine regions and how do they affects grape growing?

A

Examples include: Vosges Mountain Range, Cascade Mountain Range, Andes Mountains… The important features are listed in the curriculum for that region if it’s relevant at this level.

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16
Q

What is soil?

A

Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support the life of plants and soil organisms.

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17
Q

What is soil in wine?

A

Properties of different soil types provide specific things to a vine’s health and growth. Soil types are matched with grape varieties based on the climate and needs of the grape variety. Some grape varieties do best in certain soil types.

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18
Q

What are some of these soil properties?

A

Drainage or water retention
Sun reflection
Nutrient content
Temperature regulation
Pest resistance

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19
Q

What are some examples of soil types?

A

Clay, slate, limestone, granite, chalk, sand, shist.

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20
Q

Match soils to these major regions: Champagne, Chablis, Côte d’Or, Haut-Médoc, Pomerol, St.-Émilion, Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Mosel.

A
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21
Q

Match the soils types to a more extensive list of wine regions such as: Champagne, Chablis, Côte d’Or, Coonawarra, Gimblett Gravels, Haut-Médoc, Pomerol, St.-Émilion, Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Cornas, Hermitage, Côte-Rôtie.

A
22
Q

What is genus?

A

A taxonomic (relating to the classification of living organisms) category ranking below a family and above a species and designating a group of species that are presumed to be closely related and usually exhibit similar characteristics. In a scientific name, the genus name is capitalized and italicized, for example, Ovis for sheep and related animals.

23
Q

What genus are wine grapes?

A

Grapes are the fruit of a vining plant of the genus Vitis.

24
Q

What species is vitis?

A

There are many species of vining plants that produce grapes for making wine. The species vinifera is the focus here.

25
Q

What is vitis vinifera?

A

Native to Mediterranean, Europe, Southwestern Asia. Most common for quality grape production.
10,000 varieties.
Examples: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Syrah

26
Q

How are grape varieties chosen?

A

Regional wine law
Climate compatibility
Soil compatibility
Marketability

27
Q

What are the parts of the grape vine?

A

Rootstock
Trunk
Cordons
Shoots/canes
Grape clusters/bunches
Canopy

28
Q

What are other viticulture terms?

A

Hybrid
Crossing
Clone
Mutations

29
Q

What are other species of vines?

A

Vitis Labrusca. Examples: Catawba, Concord

30
Q

What’s a vintage?

A

Grape growing or viticulture is farming.
Every year produces a different crop called the vintage. Each vintage can be different and an indicator of style, quality, and price potential. Weather connection to quality

31
Q

What are the differences between vintages of major wine regions over the last 10-15 years?

A
32
Q

What is vineyard management? Why manage a vineyard?

A

Vineyards need to be managed to remain viable and healthy. Vines need to be managed or trained so they vine in a particular size and ideal shape to ripen grapes best. Many vine training systems exist to suit different grape varieties in wine-growing regions.

Canopy management: Managing the growth of the leaves.

Irrigation: Making sure the vine has enough water in the growing season.

Managing pests, disease (Pierce’s Disease), mildew, fungus infections, etc.: Fungi/Mold: Botrytis cinerea (can be a good thing!) Pests: Phylloxera

Managing yield: Making sure the vine is producing the amount of fruit desired.

Green harvest: a quality measure of removing or dropping unripe grapes or clusters.

33
Q

What’s the vine cycle?

A

Vine Cycle:
Dormancy
Bud Break
Flowering
Fruit Set
Ripening
- Veraison
- Hangtime
Maturity
Harvest
Pruning

34
Q

How does vineyard architecture matter?

A

Vineyard slope and sun exposure

35
Q

How does vineyard aspect matter?

A

Resulting characteristics of finished wines that are exposed to heat and light at different times of day.

36
Q

What are Vine Training Systems?

A

Two main systems to note.
1. Head training: Examples such as Gobelet/bush
2. Cordon training: Using support for growth

37
Q

What’s phylloxera?

A

Microscopic vine louse.
Mid-19th century destroyed many of the vineyards in France. Use of resistant American vine species rootstock to stop the spread. Most wine regions of the world are affected. Decimated production.

38
Q

What was the solution to phylloxera?

A

Grafting of Vitis Vinifera onto Vitis Labrusca rootstock. Verify this.

39
Q

What’s yield?

A

How much fruit a vine produces.This is influenced by many factors and controlled (or not) by human intervention. Yield can be measured in a few ways: - Tons per acre- Hectoliters per hectare

40
Q

Demonstrate conversion formulas to navigate between metric and standard systems.

A
41
Q

How do yield choices impact quality?

A
42
Q

How do different grape varieties respond to various yields?

A
43
Q

What are considerations to include at the time of picking?

A

Weather
Style of wine being made
Producer goals
Regional wine law
Number of vineyard passes for picking

44
Q

How many grapes are picked by hand or machine?

A
45
Q

How are the grapes collected?

A
46
Q

How does collection bin size (large or small) affect quality?

A
47
Q

What is grape maturity/ripeness?

A

Ripeness is a range, one vineyard manager’s definition of ripeness may be different than another’s.
Sugar measurements: Example- Brix Structure and flavor ripeness

48
Q

What are night harvests?

A
49
Q

What is phenolic ripeness versus sugar ripeness?

A
50
Q

How do choices made in the vineyard affect phenolic vs sugar ripeness?

A
51
Q

What’s terroir?

A

“Goût de terroir” or Taste of Earth:
Encompasses all of the environmental impacts on a grapevine. Unique characteristics of wine such as aromas and flavors that distinguish it from all others.

52
Q

What are regional wine laws? Give me examples.

A

Regional wine laws dictate the grape varieties can be grown and how they are grown in many wine regions of the world.

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