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Gaeilge > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Dá

(conjunction)

A

If (counterfactuals)

— use with conditional
— causes eclipsis
— e.g. Dá mba chapall mé
— e.g. Dá dtiocfaidh siad

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2
Q

Mura

A

If not

— use for all tenses, except Murar for past tense
— muh-ruh
— e.g. Mura bhfuil tú anseo
— e.g. Mura dtiocfaidh sé

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3
Q

Féad

A

Should / could

— in this sense, usually seen in conditional tense

— D’fhéadfainn a ra _____
(I could say _____

— e.g. Nach bhféadfa _____?
(Couldn’t you _____?)

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4
Q

Ba

A

— past/conditional affirmative of copula
— e.g. Ba mhaith liom cupán tae

— past/conditional dir. relative of copula
— e.g. Chonaic mé an fear ba shine ná m’athair
— (I saw a man that was older than my father)

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5
Q

Ab

A

— Alternative form of BA used before vowel sounds
— (Ba: dir. relative of
— e.g. Chonaic an buachaill ab airde ná mo dheartháir

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6
Q

Más _____

A

If…is…

— e.g. Más fíor é sin, tá mé sásta
— e.g. Más é do thoil é

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7
Q

Ní raibh _____

A

Tá — negative past

— e.g. Ní raibh sí anseo inné

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8
Q

An raibh _____

A

Tá — past interrogative

e.g. An raibh sé anseo inné?

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9
Q

Nach raibh _____

A

Tá — negative past interrogative

e.g. Nach raibh sí anseo inné?

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10
Q

Ní bheidh _____

A

Tá — future negative

— e.g. Ní bheidh sí anseo amárach

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11
Q

An mbeidh _____?

A

Tá — future interrogative

e.g. An mbeidh sé anseo amárach?

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12
Q

Deir siad go raibh / nach raibh _____

A

They said that _____

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13
Q

Nach mbeidh _____?

A

Tá — negative future interrogative

— e.g. Nach mbeidh sí anseo amárach?

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14
Q

Deir siad go mbeidh / nach mbeidh _____

A

They will say that _____

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15
Q

“Ní” causes _____

A

Lenition

— e.g. Ní thuigim
— e.g. Ní shiúlann sé

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16
Q

“An” (interrogative) causes _____

A

Eclipsis

— e.g. An dtuigeann tú?
— e.g. An bhfeiceann tú?

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17
Q

“Nach” causes _____

A

Eclipsis

e.g. Nach dtuigeann tú?
e.g. Nach bhfeiceann tú?

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18
Q

What is:

Ná _____

A

Negative imperative; use with appropriate verb

e.g. Ná bí anseo amárach!

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19
Q

“Má” causes _____

A

Lenition

e.g. Má thuigim _____

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20
Q

“Mura” / “Murar” causes…

A

Eclipsis

e.g. Mura gceannaíonn siad é…

21
Q

Possessive “a” (male) causes:

A

Before a vowel: no change

Before a constant: lenition

e.g. Osclaíonn sé a dhoras

22
Q

Possessive “a” (female) causes:

A

Consonant: no change

Vowel: h-prosthesis
— e.g. Itheann sí húll

23
Q

Possessive “ár” causes:

A

Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaimid ár ndoras

Vowel: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicimid ár n-uncail

24
Q

Possessive “a” (plural) causes:

A

Consonants: eclipsis
— e.g. Osclaíonn siad a ndoras

Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feiceann siad a n-uncail

25
Q

Possessive “bhur” causes:

A

Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaigí bhur ndoras!

Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicim bhur n-uncail

26
Q

Is ea

A

Yes (copular)

27
Q

Ní hea

A

No (copular)

28
Q

Examples of direct relative (positive)

I see the man who _____ satisfied

A

E.G.

Feicim an fear…
— atá sásta
— a bhí sásta
— a bheidh sásta
— a bheadh sásta
— a bhíodh sásta

Feicim an cat…
— a shiúlann
— a shiúil
— shiúilfidh

29
Q

Examples of direct relative (negative)

I see the man who _____ not satisfied

A

E.G.

Feicim an fear…
— nach bhfuil sásta
— nach raibh sásta
— nach mbeidh sásta
— nach mbeadh sásta
— nach mbíodh sásta

30
Q

Example of relative of future tense:

I see the student who will read

A

Feicim an dalta a léifidh

31
Q

When to use “i” or “in”

A

Noun begins with consonant: i
— e.g. i siopa

Noun begins with vowel: in
— e.g. in óstán

32
Q

How does the article affect masculine nouns?

A

CONSONANTS ARE UNAFFECTED

If begins with a vowel, add “t-“
— e.g. an t-amadán

33
Q

How does the article affect feminine nouns?

A

1) VOWELS ARE UNAFFECTED

2) If possible, lenite
— EXCEPT beginning with “s”
— e.g. an bhean

3) If beginning with “s”, add “t”
— an tstráid

34
Q

What changes occur to adjectives when they modify a plural?

A

Add a schwa (spelled with “a” after broad and “i” after slender)

— e.g. daoine glice
— e.g. fuinneoigaí mora

If plural noun ends with a constant, lenite the adjective

— e.g. gasúir bheaga

35
Q

How does the plural article affect nouns?

A

Prefixes “h” to noun beginning with vowel

— e.g. na hoifigí

36
Q

The past passive ending is pronounced…

& what else changes with past passive?

A

1) “ooh”

e.g. Ritheadh an rás
— rih-hoo

e.g. Glanadh an rás
— glan-oo

2) Lenition removed
— e.g. Ghlan mé an teach inné
— e.g. Glanadh an teach inné

37
Q

“Bheadh” is pronounced…

“Bheimis” is pronounced…

“Bheidis” is pronounced…

A

“Vay-uk” / “Vay-meesh” / “Vay-deesh”

(Second two not used in all dialects — some dialects just use bheadh muid or bheadh siad)

(In some dialects, pronounced “uck”)

38
Q

When are adjectives lenited?

A

Following a feminine noun

— e.g. an fhuinneoig mhór

39
Q

How create conditional tense?

A

1) Add same d’ or lenition as would be used for past tense (i.e. d’ith, ghlan)

2) Add conditional endings

— finn/-fainn (scríobhfainn) (“fen”)

— fá (scríobhfá)

— eadh (scríobheadh) “hay-uk”
(use for sé/sí/muid/siad)

40
Q

Forms of TAR

A

— (VN) ag teacht / a theacht
— (VA) tagtha
— tháinig
— tagann
— tiocfaidh

41
Q

How to express enough for me, enough for you, etc.?

A

Pronoun + dóthain

— Mo dhóthain (enough for me)
— Do dhóthain (enough for her)
— A dhóthain (enough for him)
— A dóthain (enough for her)
— A ndóthain (enough for them)

If saying what there’s enough of, that is rendered in the genitive
— e.g. Tá mo dhóthain airgid agam

42
Q

How do you say:

Who [verb]?

A

Cé a + [verb]

e.g. Cé a d’ith an cáca?
e.g. Cé a bheith ansin?

43
Q

When to use roimh vs. sula to express “before”

A

ROIMH IS A PREPOSITION AND COMES BEFORE A NOUN
— e.g. Rith mé roimh dhinnéar
— causes lenition

SULA IS A CONJUNCTION AND COMES BEFORE A VERB
— Ithean sé sula nglannan
— causes eclipsis

44
Q

How to express:

  1. I must (3 ways)
  2. I intend to
  3. I want to (2 ways)
  4. I am able to
A
  1. — Tá orm + [verb]
    — Caithfidh mé + [verb]
    — Tá gá dom + [verb]
  2. Tá fúm + [verb]
  3. — Ba mhaith liom + [verb]
    — Tá me ag iarraidh + [verb]
  4. Tá mé in ann + [verb]
45
Q

Difference between using “le” and “ar feadh” to express duration:

A

— le: ongoing

— ar feadh: complete

46
Q

(Calendar) How to express “th” in e.g. 29th

A

[#]ú

— e.g. 29ú Deireadh Fómhair
— e.g. 5ú Bealtaine

47
Q

How express “until”?

A

go / go dtí

— same rules as normally using go / go dtí

— e.g. D’oibrigh sé go maidin
— e.g. D’oibrigh sé go dtí an mhaidin

48
Q

How express twice as _____, thrice as _____, etc.

A

a (#) oiread

— e.g. a dhá oiread
(Twice as)

— a thrí oiread
(Thrice as / three times as many as)

49
Q

How express “where did [verb]” (e.g. Where did she go, where did I put it, etc.)

A

Cá + [verb]
— conjugated form
— eclipsed

E.G.

— Cá gcuirfidh tú e? (Where will you put it?)

— Cá bhfaca tú é? (Where did you see it?)

Gaeilge (26 decks)

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