Grammar

Question 1

Dá

(conjunction)

Answer 1

If (counterfactuals)

— use with conditional
— causes eclipsis
— e.g. Dá mba chapall mé
— e.g. Dá dtiocfaidh siad

Question 2

Mura

Answer 2

If not

— use for all tenses, except Murar for past tense
— muh-ruh
— e.g. Mura bhfuil tú anseo
— e.g. Mura dtiocfaidh sé

Question 3

Féad

Answer 3

Should / could

— in this sense, usually seen in conditional tense

— D’fhéadfainn a ra _____
(I could say _____

— e.g. Nach bhféadfa _____?
(Couldn’t you _____?)

Question 4

Ba

Answer 4

Past/conditional affirmative of copula
— e.g. Ba mhaith liom cupán tae

Past/conditional dir. relative of copula
— e.g. Chonaic mé an fear ba shine ná m’athair
— (I saw a man that was older than my father)

Question 5

Ab

Answer 5

Alternative form of BA used before vowel sounds

— (Ba: dir. relative of
— e.g. Chonaic an buachaill ab airde ná mo dheartháir

Question 6

What is:

Ní raibh _____

Answer 6

Tá — negative past

— e.g. Ní raibh sí anseo inné

Question 7

What is:

An raibh _____?

Answer 7

Tá — past interrogative

e.g. An raibh sé anseo inné?

Question 8

What is:

Nach raibh _____?

Answer 8

Tá — negative past interrogative

e.g. Nach raibh sí anseo inné?

Question 9

What is:

Ní bheidh _____

Answer 9

Tá — future negative

— e.g. Ní bheidh sí anseo amárach

Question 10

What is:

An mbeidh _____?

Answer 10

Tá — future interrogative

e.g. An mbeidh sé anseo amárach?

Question 11

Deir siad go raibh / nach raibh _____

Answer 11

They said that _____

Question 12

What is:

Nach mbeidh _____?

Answer 12

Tá — negative future interrogative

— e.g. Nach mbeidh sí anseo amárach?

Question 13

Deir siad go mbeidh / nach mbeidh _____

Answer 13

They will say that _____

Question 14

“Ní” causes _____

Answer 14

Lenition

— e.g. Ní thuigim
— e.g. Ní shiúlann sé

Question 15

“An” (interrogative) causes:

Answer 15

Eclipsis

— e.g. An dtuigeann tú?
— e.g. An bhfeiceann tú?

Question 16

“Nach” causes _____

Answer 16

Eclipsis

e.g. Nach dtuigeann tú?
e.g. Nach bhfeiceann tú?

Question 17

What is:

Ná _____

Answer 17

Negative imperative

— use with appropriate verb
— triggers h-prosthesis of vowel verb
— e.g. Ná habair é

Question 18

“Má” causes _____

Answer 18

Lenition

e.g. Má thuigim _____

Question 19

“Mura” / “Murar” causes…

Answer 19

Eclipsis

e.g. Mura gceannaíonn siad é…

Question 20

Possessive “a” (male) causes:

Answer 20

Before a vowel: no change

Before a constant: lenition
— e.g. Osclaíonn sé a dhoras

Question 21

Possessive “a” (female) causes:

Answer 21

Consonant: no change

Vowel: h-prosthesis
— e.g. Itheann sí húll

Question 22

Possessive “ár” causes:

Answer 22

Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaimid ár ndoras

Vowel: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicimid ár n-uncail

Question 23

Possessive “a” (plural) causes:

Answer 23

Consonants: eclipsis
— e.g. Osclaíonn siad a ndoras

Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feiceann siad a n-uncail

Question 24

Possessive “bhur” causes:

Answer 24

Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaigí bhur ndoras!

Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicim bhur n-uncail

Question 25

Is ea

Answer 25

Yes (copular)

Question 26

Ní hea

Answer 26

No (copular)

Question 27

**Examples of direct relative (positive)** I see the man who _____ satisfied I see the cat that [walks]

Answer 27

E.G. Feicim an fear… — atá sásta — a bhí sásta — a bheidh sásta — a bheadh sásta Feicim an cat… — a shiúlann — a shiúil — a shiúilfidh — a shiúlfadh

Question 28

**Examples of direct relative (negative)** I see the man who _____ not satisfied I see the man who [negative go]

Answer 28

E.G. **Feicim an fear…** — nach bhfuil sásta — nach raibh sásta — nach mbeidh sásta — nach mbeadh sásta **Feicim an fear** — nach dtéann — nach ndeachaigh — nach rachaidh — nach rachadh

Question 29

**Example of relative of future tense:** I see the student who will read

Answer 29

Feicim an dalta a léifidh

Question 30

When to use “i” or “in”

Answer 30

**Noun begins with consonant: i** — e.g. i siopa **Noun begins with vowel: in** — e.g. in óstán

Question 31

How does the article affect masculine nouns?

Answer 31

**CONSONANTS ARE UNAFFECTED** **If begins with a vowel, add “t-“** — e.g. an t-amadán

Question 32

**How does the article affect feminine nouns?** — vowels — consonants — consonants beginning with “s”

Answer 32

**1) VOWELS ARE UNAFFECTED** **2) If possible, lenite** — EXCEPT beginning with “s” — e.g. an bhean **3) If beginning with “s”, add “t”** — an tstráid

Question 33

What changes occur to adjectives when they modify a plural?

Answer 33

**Add a schwa (spelled with “a” after broad and “i” after slender)** — e.g. daoine glice — e.g. fuinneoigaí mora **If plural noun ends with a consonant, lenite the adjective** — e.g. gasúir bheaga

Question 34

How does the plural article affect nouns?

Answer 34

**Prefixes “h” to noun beginning with vowel** — e.g. na hoifigí

Question 35

The past passive ending is pronounced… & what else changes with past passive?

Answer 35

**1) “ooh”** e.g. Ritheadh an rás — rih-hoo e.g. Glanadh an rás — glan-oo **2) Lenition removed** — e.g. Ghlan mé an teach inné — e.g. Glanadh an teach inné

Question 36

“Bheadh” is pronounced… “Bheimis” is pronounced… “Bheidis” is pronounced…

Answer 36

**“Vay-uk” / “Vay-meesh” / “Vay-deesh”** (Second two not used in all dialects — some dialects just use bheadh muid or bheadh siad) (In some dialects, pronounced “uck”)

Question 37

When are adjectives lenited?

Answer 37

**Following a feminine noun** — e.g. an fhuinneoig mhór

Question 38

How create conditional tense?

Answer 38

**1) Add same d’ or lenition as would be used for past tense (i.e. d’ith, ghlan)** **2) Add conditional endings** — finn/-fainn (scríobhfainn) (“fen”) — fá (scríobhfá) — eadh (scríobheadh) “hay-uk” (use for sé/sí/muid/siad)

Question 39

Forms of TAR

Answer 39

— (VN) ag teacht / a theacht — (VA) tagtha — tháinig — tagann — tiocfaidh

Question 40

How to express enough for me, enough for you, etc.?

Answer 40

**Pronoun + dóthain** — Mo dhóthain (enough for me) — Do dhóthain (enough for her) — A dhóthain (enough for him) — A dóthain (enough for her) — A ndóthain (enough for them) **If saying what there’s enough of, that is rendered in the genitive** — e.g. Tá mo dhóthain airgid agam

Question 41

How express: **Who [verb]?**

Answer 41

**Cé a + [verb]** e.g. Cé a d’ith an cáca? e.g. Cé a bheith ansin?

Question 42

When to use roimh vs. sula to express “before”

Answer 42

**ROIMH IS A PREPOSITION AND COMES BEFORE A NOUN** — e.g. Rith mé roimh dhinnéar — causes lenition **SULA IS A CONJUNCTION AND COMES BEFORE A VERB** — Ithean sé sula nglannan — causes eclipsis

Question 43

Difference between using “le” and “ar feadh” to express duration:

Answer 43

— le: ongoing — ar feadh: complete

Question 44

(Calendar) How to express “th” in e.g. 29th

Answer 44

**[#]ú** — e.g. 29ú Deireadh Fómhair — e.g. 5ú Bealtaine

Question 45

How express “until”?

Answer 45

**go / go dtí** — same rules as normally using go / go dtí — e.g. D’oibrigh sé go maidin — e.g. D’oibrigh sé go dtí an mhaidin

Question 46

How express twice as _____, thrice as _____, etc.

Answer 46

**a (#) oiread** — e.g. a dhá oiread (Twice as) — a thrí oiread (Thrice as / three times as many as)

Question 47

To express: **[Pronoun] live in _____** — e.g. I like in Dublin — e.g. You live in Dublin (etc)

Answer 47

**Tá + [pronoun] + i + [poss. pronoun] + i** — Tá mé i mo chónaí i _____ — Tá tú i do chónaí i _____ — Tá sé ina chónaí i _____ — Tá sí ina cónaí i — Táimid inár gcónaí i _____ — Tá siad ina gcónaí i

Question 48

nár

Answer 48

**That…not** (Opposite of **gur**) — triggers lenition — e.g. Dúirt sé nár chuir sé an gloine ar an mbord

Question 49

Forms of **TABHAIR**

Answer 49

— (VN) ag tabhairt / a thaibhart — (VA) tugtha — tugann — thug — tabhairfaidh

Question 50

**How form “we” past tense?** — e.g. we built — e.g. we lost

Answer 50

**-amar** — e.g. Thógamar — e.g. Caitheamar