Grammar Flashcards
Dá
(conjunction)
If (counterfactuals)
— use with conditional
— causes eclipsis
— e.g. Dá mba chapall mé
— e.g. Dá dtiocfaidh siad
Mura
If not
— use for all tenses, except Murar for past tense
— muh-ruh
— e.g. Mura bhfuil tú anseo
— e.g. Mura dtiocfaidh sé
Féad
Should / could
— in this sense, usually seen in conditional tense
— D’fhéadfainn a ra _____
(I could say _____
— e.g. Nach bhféadfa _____?
(Couldn’t you _____?)
Ba
Past/conditional affirmative of copula
— e.g. Ba mhaith liom cupán tae
Past/conditional dir. relative of copula
— e.g. Chonaic mé an fear ba shine ná m’athair
— (I saw a man that was older than my father)
Ab
Alternative form of BA used before vowel sounds
— (Ba: dir. relative of
— e.g. Chonaic an buachaill ab airde ná mo dheartháir
What is:
Ní raibh _____
Tá — negative past
— e.g. Ní raibh sí anseo inné
What is:
An raibh _____?
Tá — past interrogative
e.g. An raibh sé anseo inné?
What is:
Nach raibh _____?
Tá — negative past interrogative
e.g. Nach raibh sí anseo inné?
What is:
Ní bheidh _____
Tá — future negative
— e.g. Ní bheidh sí anseo amárach
What is:
An mbeidh _____?
Tá — future interrogative
e.g. An mbeidh sé anseo amárach?
Deir siad go raibh / nach raibh _____
They said that _____
What is:
Nach mbeidh _____?
Tá — negative future interrogative
— e.g. Nach mbeidh sí anseo amárach?
Deir siad go mbeidh / nach mbeidh _____
They will say that _____
“Ní” causes _____
Lenition
— e.g. Ní thuigim
— e.g. Ní shiúlann sé
“An” (interrogative) causes:
Eclipsis
— e.g. An dtuigeann tú?
— e.g. An bhfeiceann tú?
“Nach” causes _____
Eclipsis
e.g. Nach dtuigeann tú?
e.g. Nach bhfeiceann tú?
What is:
Ná _____
Negative imperative
— use with appropriate verb
— triggers h-prosthesis of vowel verb
— e.g. Ná habair é
“Má” causes _____
Lenition
e.g. Má thuigim _____
“Mura” / “Murar” causes…
Eclipsis
e.g. Mura gceannaíonn siad é…
Possessive “a” (male) causes:
Before a vowel: no change
Before a constant: lenition
— e.g. Osclaíonn sé a dhoras
Possessive “a” (female) causes:
Consonant: no change
Vowel: h-prosthesis
— e.g. Itheann sí húll
Possessive “ár” causes:
Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaimid ár ndoras
Vowel: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicimid ár n-uncail
Possessive “a” (plural) causes:
Consonants: eclipsis
— e.g. Osclaíonn siad a ndoras
Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feiceann siad a n-uncail
Possessive “bhur” causes:
Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaigí bhur ndoras!
Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicim bhur n-uncail
Is ea
Yes (copular)
Ní hea
No (copular)
Examples of direct relative (positive)
I see the man who _____ satisfied
E.G.
Feicim an fear…
— atá sásta
— a bhí sásta
— a bheidh sásta
— a bheadh sásta
Feicim an cat…
— a shiúlann
— a shiúil
— a shiúilfidh
— a shiúlfadh
Examples of direct relative (negative)
I see the man who _____ not satisfied
E.G.
Feicim an fear…
— nach bhfuil sásta
— nach raibh sásta
— nach mbeidh sásta
— nach mbeadh sásta
— nach mbíodh sásta
Feicim an fear
— nach dtéann
— nach ndeachaigh
— nach rachaidh
— nach rachadh
Example of relative of future tense:
I see the student who will read
Feicim an dalta a léifidh
When to use “i” or “in”
Noun begins with consonant: i
— e.g. i siopa
Noun begins with vowel: in
— e.g. in óstán
How does the article affect masculine nouns?
CONSONANTS ARE UNAFFECTED
If begins with a vowel, add “t-“
— e.g. an t-amadán
How does the article affect feminine nouns?
— vowels
— consonants
— consonants beginning with “s”
1) VOWELS ARE UNAFFECTED
2) If possible, lenite
— EXCEPT beginning with “s”
— e.g. an bhean
3) If beginning with “s”, add “t”
— an tstráid
What changes occur to adjectives when they modify a plural?
Add a schwa (spelled with “a” after broad and “i” after slender)
— e.g. daoine glice
— e.g. fuinneoigaí mora
If plural noun ends with a constant, lenite the adjective
— e.g. gasúir bheaga
How does the plural article affect nouns?
Prefixes “h” to noun beginning with vowel
— e.g. na hoifigí
The past passive ending is pronounced…
& what else changes with past passive?
1) “ooh”
e.g. Ritheadh an rás
— rih-hoo
e.g. Glanadh an rás
— glan-oo
2) Lenition removed
— e.g. Ghlan mé an teach inné
— e.g. Glanadh an teach inné
“Bheadh” is pronounced…
“Bheimis” is pronounced…
“Bheidis” is pronounced…
“Vay-uk” / “Vay-meesh” / “Vay-deesh”
(Second two not used in all dialects — some dialects just use bheadh muid or bheadh siad)
(In some dialects, pronounced “uck”)
When are adjectives lenited?
Following a feminine noun
— e.g. an fhuinneoig mhór
How create conditional tense?
1) Add same d’ or lenition as would be used for past tense (i.e. d’ith, ghlan)
2) Add conditional endings
— finn/-fainn (scríobhfainn) (“fen”)
— fá (scríobhfá)
— eadh (scríobheadh) “hay-uk”
(use for sé/sí/muid/siad)
Forms of TAR
— (VN) ag teacht / a theacht
— (VA) tagtha
— tháinig
— tagann
— tiocfaidh
How to express enough for me, enough for you, etc.?
Pronoun + dóthain
— Mo dhóthain (enough for me)
— Do dhóthain (enough for her)
— A dhóthain (enough for him)
— A dóthain (enough for her)
— A ndóthain (enough for them)
If saying what there’s enough of, that is rendered in the genitive
— e.g. Tá mo dhóthain airgid agam
How express:
Who [verb]?
Cé a + [verb]
e.g. Cé a d’ith an cáca?
e.g. Cé a bheith ansin?
When to use roimh vs. sula to express “before”
ROIMH IS A PREPOSITION AND COMES BEFORE A NOUN
— e.g. Rith mé roimh dhinnéar
— causes lenition
SULA IS A CONJUNCTION AND COMES BEFORE A VERB
— Ithean sé sula nglannan
— causes eclipsis
Difference between using “le” and “ar feadh” to express duration:
— le: ongoing
— ar feadh: complete
(Calendar) How to express “th” in e.g. 29th
[#]ú
— e.g. 29ú Deireadh Fómhair
— e.g. 5ú Bealtaine
How express “until”?
go / go dtí
— same rules as normally using go / go dtí
— e.g. D’oibrigh sé go maidin
— e.g. D’oibrigh sé go dtí an mhaidin
How express twice as _____, thrice as _____, etc.
a (#) oiread
— e.g. a dhá oiread
(Twice as)
— a thrí oiread
(Thrice as / three times as many as)
To express:
[Pronoun] live in _____
— e.g. I like in Dublin
— e.g. You live in Dublin (etc)
Tá + [pronoun] + i + [poss. pronoun] + i
— Tá mé i mo chónaí i _____
— Tá tú i do chónaí i _____
— Tá sé ina chónaí i _____
— Tá sí ina cónaí i
— Táimid inár gcónaí i _____
— Tá siad ina gcónaí i
nár
That…not
(Opposite of gur)
— triggers lenition
— e.g. Dúirt sé nár chuir sé an gloine ar an mbord
Forms of TABHAIR
— (VN) ag tabhairt / a thaibhart
— (VA) tugtha
— tugann
— thug
— tabhairfaidh
How form “we” past tense?
— e.g. we built
— e.g. we lost
-amar
— e.g. Thógamar
— e.g. Caitheamar
