Grammar

Question 1

Conditionals: when sth is always true

Answer 1

present + present
“If I work late, I get tired”
“If the water is boiling, it means the water is hot enough.”

Question 2

Conditionals: when sth. was always true

Answer 2

past + past
“We went home early if it was foggy.”
“If it was snowing, we stayed at home”

Question 3

Conditionals: real situations, the outcome is possible

Answer 3

present + future
“If you keep driving like that, you´re going to die”
“If you see Mark, tell him that I´ll call him tomorrow”

Question 4

Conditionals: hypothetical situation, unreal or imaginary

Answer 4

past + would
“If I knew the answer, I would tell you.”
“If I was having a party, I wouldn´t invite XY.”

Question 5

Conditionals: hypothetical past situations

Answer 5

past perfect + would present perfect

“If I had known that you´re coming, I would have met you at the station.”

Question 6

Conditionals: possible situations in the present (modals)

Answer 6

“If you get wet, you should change your clothes”

“If you come early, we can discuss”

Question 7

Conditionals: Use of if only

Answer 7

-emphasis to hypothetical questions
-sense of regret
-2. or 3. type of conditionals
“If only I had enough time!”
“If only I hadn´t drunk too much (,that wouldn´t have happend)!”

Question 8

Conditionals: unless

Answer 8

-only if not

“I´ll buy the tickets unless you call me this afternoon.”

Question 9

Conditionals: as long as, provided, only if

Answer 9

-a situation depends on another

“I´ll lend you money, provided I can borrow your car.”

Question 10

Conditionals: even

Answer 10

-something will happen whatever the condition

“Even if it rains, we will have a picnic.”

Question 11

Conditionals: past events with results in present

Answer 11

past perfect + would

“If he hadn´t missed the plane, he would be here by now.”

Question 12

Conditionals: should, were to

Answer 12

-makes an situation seem unlikely (after if)
“If you should/were to see Tom, please ask him to call me.”
-can mean solltest
“If you get wet, you should change.”

Question 13

Conditionals: happen to

Answer 13

-emphasises chance possibilities
-often used with should
“If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?”
“If you should happen to be passing, drop in.”

Question 14

Conditionals: If it were not for/if it hadn´t been for

Answer 14

an event depends on another
Present situation:
“If it weren´t for Jim, this company would be in a mess”
Past situation:
“If it hadn´t been for Jim, we would have lost the game.”

Question 15

Conditionals: will/would

Answer 15

can be used to be very polite
“If you will/would wait here please.”
Or as insisting on doing
“if you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired!”

Question 16

Conditionals: supposing, otherwise

Answer 16

replacee if in everyday speech
Supposing:
“Supposing you won the game, what would you do?”
Otherwise: or if not
“Thanks for your help. We wouldn´t have found it otherwise.”

Question 17

Conditionals: But for

Answer 17

replaces if not in formal language (followed by a noun form)

“But for your help, we would have been in trouble.”

Question 18

Conditionals: If so/if not

Answer 18

refer to a sentence understood but not stated

“There is a possiblity that Jack will be late. If so, I will take his place.”

Question 19

Conditionals: although

Answer 19

if can replace although in formal language

“The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated.”

Question 20

Passive: have/get something done

Answer 20

-service performed for us by someone else
“I´ve just had/got my car serviced”
-something unfortunate that happens to someone
“We had/got our car broken into last night.”

Question 21

Passive: when is get more often used than have?

Answer 21

-feeling that something must be done
“I really must get (have) my hair done.”
-orders and imperatives
“Get your hair cut.”

Question 22

Passive: need doing

Answer 22

The need to have a service done can be dexcribed with need doing
“Your hair needs cutting.”

Question 23

Passive: got

Answer 23

instead of be in spoken language

“Martin got arrested.”

Question 24

Passive: belive, know, say, think

Answer 24

when referring to peoples opinions passive is often used to give a generalised opinion
“The criminal is thought to be hiding in London.”
“Vitamin C is known to be good for health.”

Question 25

Passive: past reference with two objects

Answer 25

two ways of making a passive sentence:
“Everyone knows the portrait was painted by an Italian.”
“The potrait is known to have been painted by an Italian.”

Question 26

Passive: ending a sentence with prepostition

Answer 26

when a prepositional verb is made passive a sentence can be anded with preposition
“Somebody broke into our house.”
“Our house was broken into.”

Question 27

Passive: by and with

Answer 27

• with is used after participles such as filled, packed, crowded, crammed:
  “The train was pracked tith commuters”
  -by and with may involve the presence of a person
  “Dave was hit by a branch.” (accident)
  “Dave was hit with a branch.” (hitted by a person)

Question 28

Passive: make

Answer 28

followed by to when used in passive
“My boss made me work hart.”
“I was made to work hard by my boss.”

Question 29

Bildung passiv

Answer 29

subject -> object
object -> subject
subject + to be + past participle

Question 30

Passive present progressive: Peter is cleaning his house

Answer 30

Peter is cleaning his house.

The house is being cleaned by Peter.

Question 31

Passive present perfect: Peter has been cleaning the house.

Answer 31

The house has been cleaned by Peter.

Question 32

Passive past perfect: Peter had been cleaning the house.

Answer 32

The house had been cleaned by Peter.

Question 33

Unreal past: it´s high time; it´s time

Answer 33

-followed by simple past or continuous

“It´s time we left.” “It´s high time I was going!”

Question 34

Unreal past: wish

Answer 34

-followed by past
-you wish to change the future state
“I wish I had a motorbike.”
“Iwish you weren´t leaving”

Question 35

Unreal past: wish + would

Answer 35

-when the speaker want´s something to change
-followed by present
“I wish he would change his mind”
“I wish it would stop raining”
-often used to describe an anoying habit
“I wish you wouldn´t make such a mess.”

Question 36

Unreal past: past time

Answer 36

-verb form after wish is one stage further back in the past
-referring to unchangeble event in the past
“I wish I hadn´t eaten so much.”

Question 37

Unreal past: hope

Answer 37

-wishes about simple future events
“I hope it won´t rain tomorrow.”
“I hope you have a lovely holiday.”

Question 38

Unreal past: I´d rather

Answer 38

-preference about situation
-wishes abou the present
-followed by past forms
“I´d rather you didn´t smoke in here.”
-normal use when comparing nouns or phrases
“I´d rather be a sailor than a solider”
“I´d rather have been a sailor than a solider.”

Question 39

Unreal past: I´d prefer

Answer 39

-can be used like I´d rather but has an object in it

“I´d prefer it if you didn´t go.”

Question 40

Unreal past: as if

Answer 40

-verb form depends on whether the situation is real or unreal
“You look as if you´re having second thoughts.”
“He looks as if he were in charge” (unreal)

Question 41

Unreal past: understood conditions

Answer 41

-understood but not stated
-with past form
“Imagine we won the pools!”
“Suppose someone told you I that was a spy
-when referred event is possible present can be used
“Suppose it start´s raining, what´ll we do?

Question 42

Unreal past: insisting, demanding etc.

Answer 42

-after implied obligation subjunctive can be used
“They demanded that he leave at once.”
“The principal suggestet that he be awarded a scholarship.”

Question 43

Unreal past: should

Answer 43

-when using demands less formally
“They demanded that he should leave”
“They demanded that he left”

Question 44

Unreal past: 3 fixed expressions

Answer 44

God save the queen!
Be that as it may!
Come what may!