gram positive bacilli Flashcards
bacillus anthracis virulence factors (2)
- antiphagocytic protein capsule
- tripartite toxin (oedema + lethal toxins)
3 types of bacillus anthracis
- cutaneous anthrax
- respiratory anthrax
- intestinal anthrax
bacillus anthracis transmission (3)
skin contact
aerosol
ingestion
bacillus anthracis treatment (2)
- penicillin
- ciprofloxacin
bacillus cereus clinical presentations
rapid onset (6h): vomiting (preformed toxin)
slow onset (8-24h): diarrhoea & abdominal pain (enterotoxin formed later)
corynebacterium diphtheriae clinical presentations (3)
- pseudomembrane formation
- inflammation resulting in bull neck
- sore throat, malaise, fever
corynebacterium diphtheriae treatment (2)
- penicillin
- erythromycin
listeria monocytogenes treatment
empirical: ceftriaxone + ampicillin + vancomycin
definitive: gentamicin
listeria monocytogenes drug resistance
resistant to cephalosporins
nocardia asteroides clinical presentations (2)
- madura’s foot
- nocardiosis
nocardia asteroides transmission
soil, dirt (opportunistic infections)
nocardia asteroides staining
acid fast bacilli–> ziehl neelsen stains
nocardia asteroides treatment
co-trimoxazole
clostridium perfringens clinical presentations (4)
- clostridial necrotizing enteritis (necrosis of jejunum/ileum)
- gas gangrene (myonecrosis)
- food poisoning (spores germinate in gut)
- clostridial cellulitis
clostridium perfringens transmission (2)
- faecal-oral
- direct contact
clostridium perfringens treatment
penicillin + clindamycin (treats toxin)
clostridium tetani virulence factor
tetanospasmin toxin
clostridium tetani clinical presentations (4)
spastic paralysis:
1. lockjaw
2. risus sardonicus (grin spasm)
3. opisthotonus (arched back)
4. respiratory muscle spasms
clostridium tetani treatment
Human Tetanus IG (HTIG)
clostridium botulinum virulence
botulinum toxin (preformed)
found in honey–> contraindicated in babies
clostridium botulinum clinical presentations (3)
flaccid paralysis
1. ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. diplopia (double vision)
3. respiratory muscles affected
infants: floppy baby syndrome
clostridioides difficile transmission
precipated by antibiotic use
commensal normally, pathogen when overgrown
clostridioides difficile clinical presentations (2)
CDAD
pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)
clostridioides difficile treatment
STOP ANTIBIOTICS
PO vancomycin or IV/PO metronidazole
