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Microbiology by Bonnie > Gram-Positive Bacilli > Flashcards

Gram-Positive Bacilli Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 Types of Gram-Positive Aerobic Bacilli

A

Bacillus anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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2
Q

2 Bacilli of medical importance (and metabolism)

A

Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus

Aerobic Gram-positive rods

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3
Q

Bacillus anthracis characteristics (morphology)

A

Grow in chains (“bamboo rods”), spore-forming

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4
Q

Bacillus anthracis determinants of pathogenicity

A

Capsule, anthrax toxin

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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis capsule composition and function

A

D-glutamic acid, antiphagocytic

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6
Q

Anthrax toxin description

A

A-B toxin (A = edema factor, lethal factor, B = protective antigen)

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7
Q

A-B toxin: 2 parts

A

Activity subunit, binding subunit

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8
Q

EF function

A

Edema factor: Adenylate cyclase toxin -> edema and inhibition of neutrophil function

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9
Q

LF function

A

Lethal factor: Zinc protease -> cleave host cell kinase -> macrophage cell death

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10
Q

Bacillus anthracis clinical disease

A

Cutaneous, Inhalation, Gastrointestinal

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11
Q

Cutaneous anthrax description

A

Small red macule -> ulcer (blackened necrotic eschar), usually spontaneously resolve

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12
Q

Inhalation anthrax symptoms

A

Symptoms similar to severe viral respiratory infection - fever, SOB, hypotension

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13
Q

Gastrointestinal anthrax mortality rates

A

Intermediate mortality rates

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14
Q

Bacillus anthracis diagnostic laboratory tests

A

Large number of organisms seen by Gram-stain

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15
Q

Bacillus anthracis treatment

A

Penicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, monoclonal antibodies against the receptor of PA

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16
Q

Bacillus anthracis prevention

A

Nonliving vaccine with PA as its active component

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17
Q

Listeria monocytogenes characteristics (metabolism, transmission, where does it grow)

A

Facultative (metabolism), foodborne transmission, facultative intracellular pathogen

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18
Q

Listeria monocytogenes determinants of pathogenicity

A

Facultative intracellular pathogen, internalin (adhesin), listeriolysin O (pore-forming toxin), ActA

ILA

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19
Q

Listeria monocytogenes clinical disease

A

Meningitis (elderly, young, immunocompromised), fetal infections, neonatal infections

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20
Q

Listeria monocytogenes diagnostic laboratory tests (hemolysis, catalase)

A

Growth of organism, small smooth colonies surrounded by beta-hemolysis, catalase-positive

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21
Q

Listeria monocytogenes treatment

A

Ampicillin (may be used in combination with an aminoglycoside)

22
Q

Corynebacteria characteristics (shape, what species does it infect)

A

Aerobic Gram-positive bacilli, may have “club-shape”, nonspore-forming, infects only humans

23
Q

C. diphtheriae determinants of pathogenicity

A

Diphtheria toxin (Gene carried on phage, A-B toxin)

24
Q

Diphtheria toxin A subunit

A

ADP-ribosylating EF-2 (inhibit peptide chain elongation in pharyngeal epithelial cells) -> necrosis -> pseudomembrane formation

25
Q

C. diphtheriae clinical disease (how it spreads, mechanism, symptoms)

A

Diphtheria, Spread by direct contact/droplets, Pseudomembrane formation -> airway obstruction

Symptoms: Sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, cough, hoarseness, rhinorrhea

26
Q

C. diphtheria diagnostic laboratory tests (morphology)

A

Bacteria lie in clusters at acute angles (“Chinese letter” appearance) or in parallel groups (“palisade” appearance)

27
Q

C. diphtheria treatment

A

Horse antisera against DT, antibiotics

28
Q

C. diphtheria prevention

A

Diphtheria toxoid vaccine (chemically treated toxin - no longer toxic but retains immunogenicity)

29
Q

Clostridia characteristics (spores)

A

Gram-positive anaerobic rods, spore-forming

30
Q

4 species of clostridia

A

Clostridium tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, Clostridioides difficile

31
Q

Clostridium tetani determinants of pathogenicity

A

Tetanus toxin

32
Q

Tetanus toxin mechanism

A

A subunit cleaves SNARE proteins required for fusion of synaptic vesicle with neuron membrane, prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters

33
Q

Clostridium tetani clinical disease

A

Tetanus - risus sardonicus

34
Q

Clostridium tetani diagnostic laboratory tests

A

Terminal spores (“tennis racket” or “drumstick” shaped)

35
Q

Clostridium tetani treatment

A

Human tetanus immunoglobulin, agents to control muscle spasms

36
Q

Clostridium tetani prevention

A

Vaccine: tetanus toxoid

37
Q

C. botulinum determinants of pathogenicity

A

Botulinum toxin

38
Q

Botulinum toxin mechanism

A

Blocks release of acetylcholine, decreased motor neuron activity

39
Q

C. botulinum clinical disease: 3 types of botulism

A

Food-borne, wound, infant

40
Q

Food-borne botulism characteristics

A

Symmetric descending paralysis, cranial nerve involvement, fever is unusual

41
Q

Wound botulism characteristics

A

Ptosis (upper eyelid droops over the eye), skin abscesses

42
Q

C. botulinum diagnostic laboratory tests

A

Primarily compatible history and clinical symptoms

43
Q

C. botulism treatment

A

Neutralize toxin, respiratory support

44
Q

C. perfringens (what does it cause)

A

Causes gangrene and food-poisoning

45
Q

Clostridioides difficile (what does it cause)

A

Causes diarrhea associated with antibiotic use

46
Q

Actinomycetes characteristics

A

Resemble fungi

Nocardia species (aerobic)

Actinomyces species (anaerobic)

47
Q

2 medically important actinomycetes

A

Nocardia species, Actinomyces species

48
Q

Nocardia species (description of infections)

A

Infects individuals with deficient cell-mediated immunity (subacute pneumonia -> dissemination to CNS or skin and soft tissue, transcutaneous inoculation)

49
Q

Nocardia species (staining)

A

Partially stain using acid-fast technique

50
Q

Actinomyces israelii - what does it cause, staining

A

Indolent, suppurative infections, spread contiguously, ignoring tissue planes

Not partially acid fast

51
Q

What organism cause this?

A

Clostridium perfringens (gangrene)

Microbiology by Bonnie (14 decks)

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