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Microbiology by Bonnie > Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enteric) > Flashcards

Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enteric) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Enterobacterales characteristics (metabolism)

A

Facultative anaerobic bacilli and coccobacilli, many are opportunistic pathogens

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2
Q

Escherichia coli (what diseases it causes)

A

UTIs, diarrhea, hospital-acquired pneumonia

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3
Q

E. coli determinants of pathogenicity

A

Alpha-hemolysin, aerobactin, polysaccharide capsule (AAP)

Pore-forming toxin, iron siderophore, reduces phagocytosis

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4
Q

E. coli K1 capsule (what it is associated with)

A

Meningitis and bacteremia in neonates

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5
Q

UPEC (what is causes)

A

Uropathogenic E. coli: UTIs

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6
Q

UPEC (types of pili)

A

Type I pili: Binding in the bladder

P pili: Binding in the upper urinary tract, cause pyelonephritis

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7
Q

ETEC (how is it spread)

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli: Spread through contaminated food and water

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8
Q

ETEC (2 toxins)

A

Heat labile toxin (stimulates adenylate cyclase in gut epithelial cells)
Heat stable toxin (stimulates guanylate cyclase in gut epithelial cells)

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9
Q

EPEC (what it causes)

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli: Diarrhea in developing countries

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10
Q

EPEC (mechanism)

A

Bundle-forming pili - attach to intestinal epithelium
Intimin - adhesin
Type III secretion system

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11
Q

Type III Secretion Systems

A

Directly inject bacterial proteins into cytoplasm of host cells

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12
Q

EPEC Type III Secretion (what does it do)

A

Loss of normal microvilli structure, pedestal formation, injects Tir (acts as receptor for intimin -> allows for tight adherence)

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13
Q

EHEC (what does it cause)

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli: Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, usually no or low-grade fever

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14
Q

EHEC toxin (and what it is responsible for)

A

Shiga-like toxin, responsible for HUS (hemolytic-uremic syndrome)

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15
Q

E. coli diagnostic laboratory tests

A

Growth on routine media, biochemical tests (lactose fermentation: MacConkey Agar)

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16
Q

ETEC treatment

A

Rehydration

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17
Q

EHEC treatment

A

No antibiotics

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18
Q

Uropathogenic E. coli treatment

A

Nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

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19
Q

Shigella species (what do they cause)

A

Dysentery (cramps, tenesmus, frequent small-volume, bloody, mucoid stools)

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20
Q

Salmonella enterica

A

Facultative intracellular pathogens, common cause of diarrhea

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21
Q

S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (what does it cause)

A

Typhoid fever

22
Q

Tenesmus

A

Feeling that you need to pass stools

23
Q

Types of enterobacterales

A

Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus

24
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Stomach virus

25
Q

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

A

Condition that affects the blood and blood vessels, results in the destruction of blood platelets, a low red blood cell count (anemia), and kidney failure

26
Q

2 Yersinia species (what do they cause)

A

Y. enterocolitica (infectious diarrhea), Y. pestis (plague)

27
Q

Myalgias

A

Muscle aches and pains

28
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics (4 classes)

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems

29
Q

Which beta-lactam antibiotic is active against most gram-negatives?

A

Carbapenems

30
Q

ESBL

A

Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (Cleave cephalosporins and monobactams)

31
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful or difficult urination

32
Q

Y. pestis DP

A

Bubo formation, LPS in bloodstream, Bacteria make their way to macrophages in the lungs

Type III secretion (paralyze macrophages and neutrophils to prevent phagocytosis), antiphagocytic capsule (F1), Pla cleaves fibrin clots -> facilitates bacterial dissemination

33
Q

Y. pestis CD

A

Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague

34
Q

Y. pestis DLT (appearance)

A

Closed safety pins appearance

35
Q

K. pneumoniae DP

A

Polysaccharide capsule, siderophores

36
Q

Proteus species characteristic

A

“Swarming motility” - hundreds of flagella per cell

37
Q

Proteus spp (what do they cause and how)

A

UTIs, nosocomial infections, urease splits urea into ammonium hydroxide, raises urine pH, promotes formation of “struvite” kidney stones

38
Q

Pseudomonads (metabolism, ferment, where found)

A

Aerobic Gram-negative rods, cannot ferment glucose (unlike enterobacterales), moist environments

39
Q

P. aeruginosa DP

A

Pili, exotoxin A, alginate (exopolysaccharide, antiphagocytic), Type III secretion system, quorum-sensing

PEATQ

40
Q

P. aeruginosa CD

A

Opportunistic pathogen, lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, nosocomial infections (pneumonia, UTIs, wound infections), bacteremia and sepsis in neutropenic cancer patients (ecthyma gangrenosum), hot tub folliculitis

41
Q

P. aeruginosa DLT

A

Produces grape-like odor, fluorescent pigments, oxidase positive

42
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii (what do they cause)

A

Hospital-acquired infections, 50% isolates resistant to carbapenems

43
Q

Vibrios 2 species and what do they cause

A

V. cholerae (cause cholera), V. vulnificus (cause gastroenteritis, wound infections following cuts exposed to seawater)

44
Q

Helicobacter pylori (shape)

A

Gram-negative, slender, spiral-shaped

45
Q

H. pylori (common cause of which disease)

A

Peptic ulcer disease

46
Q

H. pylori DP

A

Urease, VacA, Type IV secretion

47
Q

H. pylori DLT

A

Endoscopy, Serological tests for IgG, antibody tests to detect in stool, urea breath test

48
Q

H. pylori treatment

A

Proton-pump inhibitor + clarithromycin + amoxicillin/metronidazole

49
Q

Campylobacter (what does it cause)

A

Gastroenteritis leading to diarrhea

50
Q

Typhoid fever symptoms

A

Prolonged fever, persistent bacteremia, occasionally a rash consisting of a few pink macules observed

51
Q

Salmonella enterica treatment

A

Treat typhoid fever and bacteremia: Fluoroquinolones, azithromycin

52
Q

Typhoid fever prevention

A

Vaccine

Microbiology by Bonnie (14 decks)

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