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Micro > Gram Negative and Other Bacteria > Flashcards

Gram Negative and Other Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gram negative cocci

A

N. meningitidis
N. Gonorrhoae
Moraxella catarrhalis
All are oxidase +

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2
Q

How to differentiate b/w the two neisserias

A

Meningitidis: Fermenter
Gonorrhea: Non fermenter

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3
Q

What are the coccoid rods

A

H Influenza
B pertussis
Pasteurella
Brucella

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4
Q

How are the gram negative rods differentiated?

A

Lactose fermenter - pink

Lactose non fermenter

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5
Q

What are the lactose fermenting GNR’s?

A 
Klebsiella
Ecoli
Enterobacter
Citrobater
Serratia
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6
Q

What are the slow lactose fermenters

A

citrobacter

serratia

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7
Q

What are the lactose nonfermenters?

A 
White colonies:
Shigella
Salmonella
Proteus
Pseudomonas (oxidase +)
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8
Q

What are the fast lactose fermenters

A

Klebsiella
E coli
Enterobacter

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9
Q

How are the lactose nonfermenters differentiated?

A

If they have oxidase

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10
Q

Oxidase positive gram negative rod

A

Pseudomonas

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11
Q

What gram negative bacteria are curved or comma shaped?

A

Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio cholera
H Pylori

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12
Q

Neisseria

A

Gram negative diplococci

Both ferment glucose and make IgA proteases

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13
Q

N. Gonorrhea clinically

A

Urethritis, PID, STI

Can travel in blood and cause septic arthritis, conjunctivitis

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14
Q

N. gonoccoi structure

A

Maltose non fermenter
Gram neg diplococci
No polysaccharide capsule

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15
Q

1st line tx for N gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone

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16
Q

N. Meningococci transmission

A

Respiratory and oral secretions

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17
Q

N. meningococci structure

A

Maltose fermenter

Polysaccharide capsule

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18
Q

What bug can cause Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome

A

N. meningitidis

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19
Q

Prophylaxis for meningococci

A

Rifampin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone

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20
Q

Treatment for meningococci

A

Ceftriaxone or PCN G (only after culture)

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21
Q

Haemophilus influenza structure

A

Gram neg coccoid rod

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22
Q

What does H Flu cause

A 
Epiglottitis
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
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23
Q

Thumb sign on XR

A

Thickening of epiglottis = H Flu epiglottitis

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24
Q

Treatment of H Flu

A

Treat mucosal infxn w/amoxicillin+/- clavulanate

Treat meningitis with ceftriaxone

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25
Q

What’s most invasive form of H flu

A

Capsular type B (there’s a vaccine now)

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26
Q

What does H flu produce

A

IgA protease

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27
Q

How to culture H Flu

A

Chocolate agar w/factors V and X

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28
Q

Hemophilus ducreyi

A

Causes chancroid - painful solitary genital ulcer

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29
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Gram negative rod but stains poorly so use silver stain

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30
Q

What do you have to grow legionella on

A

Charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine

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31
Q

How is legionella diagonsed

A

Antigen in urine

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32
Q

Transmission of legionella

A

NO person to person

Aerosol transmission from environmental water source habitate

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33
Q

Tx of legionella

A

Macrolide (erythromycin) or quinolone

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34
Q

Pseudomonas aeurginosa

A 
Gram negative rod
Oxidase positive
Lactose non fermenter
Moist environments
Blue-green pigment
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35
Q

Infxns from pseudomonas

A 
PNA - cystic fibrosis
Otitis externa
UTI
Osteomyelitis - diabetics
Sepsis
Contaminates medical equipment and catheters
Associated with burn and wound infections
Hot tub folliculitis
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36
Q

Pseudomonas toxin

A

Exotoxin A - inactivates EF-2 - cell necrosis

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37
Q

Tx of pseudomonas

A

Piperacillin, Ticarcillin
Cefepime, ceftazidime
Imipenem, meropenem

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38
Q

H Pylori triple therapy

A

PPI + Clarithromycin + either amoxicillin or metronidazole

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39
Q

Gram negative, oxidase positive, diplococci

A

N gonorrhea or N meningitidis

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40
Q

Sepsis, DIC, adrenal hemorrhage

A

N. meningitidis

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41
Q

5 year old w/pharyngitis, drooling, and x ray reveals thumb sign

A

H flu type B (epiglottitis)

42
Q

What are the virulence factors of E Coli

A

Fimbriae
K Capsule
LPS endotoxin

43
Q

What does K capsule of E coli cause

A

PNA, neonatal meningitis

44
Q

What does fimbriae of E coli cause

A

Cystitis, pyelonephritis

45
Q

What does LPS endotoxin of E coli cause

A

Septic shock

46
Q

What does EIEC strain of E coli do

A

Invades intestinal mucosa and causes necrosis and inflammation
Similar to shigella

47
Q

Presentation and treatment of EIEC

A

Fever + bloody diarrhea

Tx: Fluoroquinolones

48
Q

Toxin and mechanism of ETEC

A

Produces heat labile and heat stable enterotoxins

No inflammation or invasion

49
Q

Presentation of ETEC

A

Travelers diarrhea - watery, similar to cholera

50
Q

Toxin and mechanism of EPEC

A

No toxin produced

Adheres to apical surface and flattens villi which prevents absorption

51
Q

Presentation of EPEC

A

Diarrhea, usually in kids

52
Q

EHEC presentation and treatment

A

Dysentery, HUS (Anemia, thrombocytopenia, ARF)

Tx = supportive

53
Q

How to differentiate EHEC from other E Coli strains

A

It does not ferment sorbitol

54
Q

What is klebsiella

A

Gram negative rod, fast fermenter of lactose

55
Q

Red currant jelly sputum

A

Klebsiella

56
Q

What does Klebsiella cause

A

Intestinal flora that causes lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics when aspirated
Mucoid colonies caused by abundant polysaccharide capsules
Nosocomial UTI

57
Q

What are the 4 A’s of klebsiella

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Abscess in lungs and liver
Alcoholics
diAbetics

58
Q

How are salmonella and shigella similar

A

Both cause bloody diarrhea and fever, both do not ferment lactose and both are oxidase negative

59
Q

Salmonella typhi clinical presentation

A

Typhoid fever
Rose spots on abdomen, fever, HA, diarrhea
Can stay in gallbladder and cause carrier state

60
Q

Treatment of shigella

A

Fluoroquinolones

61
Q

How is shigella spread in body

A

Cell-cell - no hematogenous spread

62
Q

How is shigella spread in environment

A

Humans and primates

63
Q

Cellular response of salmonella vs shigella

A

Salmonella: Monocyte response
Shigella: PMN infiltration

64
Q

What is campylobacter jejuni

A

Gram negative oxidase + comma shaped, grows in hot temperature.

65
Q

What does campylobacter cause

A

Guillain-Barre, reactive arthritis, bloody diarrhea in kids

66
Q

What is vibrio cholera

A

Gram negative oxidase + comma shaped. Grows in alkaline media

67
Q

How does vibrio cholera produce rice water diarrhea

A

Heat labile endotoxin permanently activates Gs, increasing cAMP.

68
Q

What does Yersinia enterocolitis cause

A

Mesenteric adenitis that can look like appendicitis or crohn’s disease

69
Q

How is yersinia transmitted

A

Pet feces (puppies), contaminated milk, or pork

70
Q

What is yersinia

A

Similar to shigella and salmonella, it’s a gram negative rod, non lactose fermenting and oxidase negative.

71
Q

What is borrelia

A

Spirochete - spiral shaped bacteria w/axial filaments, only spirochete that can be visualized on LM

72
Q

What is Leptospira interrogans

A

Spirochete that causes leptospirosis

73
Q

What is leptospirosis

A

Flu like symptoms, jaundice, photophobia with erythema

74
Q

Who is leptospirosis found in

A

Surfers, in the tropics

It’s found in water contaminated with animal urine

75
Q

What is Weil disease

A

Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis

Severe form of leptospirosis with jaundice and azotemia (kidney and liver dysfunction), fever, hemorrhage, and anemia

76
Q

What is the natural vector for Borrelia burgodrferi

A

Mouse

The tick can transmit it

77
Q

Treatment of Lyme disease

A

Doxycycline, Ceftriaxone

78
Q

What characterizes the Bell’s palsy of Lyme disease

A

Bilateral and affects forehead

79
Q

What is an Argyll Robertson pupil

A

Constricts with accomodation but is not reactive to light

Associated with tertiary syphilis

80
Q

What are some causes of VDRL false positives

A 
VDRL detects nonspecific antibody that reacts w/beef cardiolipin
Viruses - mono, hepatitis
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus, leprosy
81
Q

What is the treatment for all rickettsial diseases

A

Doxycycline

82
Q

What is the rickettsial triad

A

Headache, fever, rash (vasculitis)

83
Q

What causes rocky mountain spotted fever

A

Rickettsia rickettsii - obligate intracellular

84
Q

Clinical pres of RMSF

A

Rash that starts at wrists and ankles, then spreads to trunk, palms, and soles

85
Q

What causes Typhus

A

R. typhi - endemic

R. prowazekii - epidemic

86
Q

What is the rash like in typhus

A

Rash starts centrally, then spreads, spares palms and soles

87
Q

Ehrlichiosis

A

Ehrlichia - vector is tick

Monocytes with morula in cytoplasm

88
Q

Anaplasmosis

A

Anaplasma - vector is tick

Granulocytes with morulae in cytoplasm

89
Q

Q fever agent

A

Coxiella burnetii - tick feces and cattle placenta release spores that are inhaled.

90
Q

Q fever presentation

A

Atypical Pneumonia

91
Q

How is Q fever unique from other Rickettsia species

A

No Weil-Felix reaction

Spores that can survive in endospore form

92
Q

What are the two forms of chlamydia

A
  1. elementary body - infectious, enters cell via endocytosis, transforms into reticulate body
  2. Reticulate body- replicates in cell by fission and reorganizes into elementary bodies
93
Q

What species of chlamydia cause atypical PNA

A

C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci

94
Q

What species of chlamydia can cause reactive arthritis, follicular conjunctivitis, urethritis, and PID

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

95
Q

Tx of chlamydia

A

Azithromycin

96
Q

Dx of chlamydiae

A

Giemsa or fluorescent aby-stained smear shows cytoplasmic inclusions

97
Q

Lymphogranuloma venerum

A

Types L1-L3 of chlamydia trachomatis cause small painless ulcers on genitals that cause swollen and painful inguinal lymph nodes which ulcerate.
Tx = doxycycline

98
Q

What is the classic cause of atypical walking pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

99
Q

Lab findings in mycoplasma pna

A

High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM) that can agglutinate or lyse RBCs

100
Q

How is mycoplasma pneumo grown

A

Eaton agar

101
Q

Tx of mycoplasma pneumo

A

Macrolide, doxycycline, or fluoroquinolone

NO pcn - no cell wall

102
Q

What is contained in mycoplasma pneumo bacterial membrane

A

No cell wall

Membrane contains sterols for stability

Micro (8 decks)

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