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Bacteriology II and Gram Positives Flashcards

1
Q

What test separates Staph Aureus from other staph species

A

Coagulate - Staph A is coagulase +

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2
Q

What does coagulase do

A

Virulence - allows bacteria to induce coagulation, and allows binding to fibrin and fibrinogen - increasing binding to host tissues and decreasing phagocytosis

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3
Q

What are some coagulase negative staph species

A

S. epidermidis

S. saprophyticus

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4
Q

How to differentiate coagulase negative staph species?

A

Novobiocin test

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5
Q

What is beta hemolysis

A

Complete hemolysis of blood agar

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6
Q

What types of strep cause beta hemolysis

A

Group A and Group B Strep

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7
Q

What is group A strep and what does it cause

A

Strep Pyogenes - causes strep throat

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8
Q

What is group B strep

A

Strep agalactiae

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9
Q

What is alpha hemolysis

A

Partial hemolysis - green circle

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10
Q

What are two types of strep with alpha hemolysis?

A
  1. Strep pneumo

2. Strep Viridians (green)

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11
Q

Gram positive diplococci with capsule

A

Strep pneumo

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12
Q

How to differentiate alpha hemolytic species

A

Strep pneumo has a capsule

Strep viridians does not

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13
Q

What is gamma hemolysis and what is it typical of

A

No hemolysis - Enterococcus

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14
Q

What are the gram + rods?

A 
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus
Mycobacterium (acid-fast)
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15
Q

Gram + anaerobic rod

A

Clostridium

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16
Q

What are gram + bacteria that have branching filaments

A

Actinomyces and nocardia

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17
Q

How to differentiate gram + bacteria with branching filaments?

A

Actinomyces - anaerobe, not acid fast

Nocardia - aerobe, acid fast

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18
Q

What is staph aurerus protein A?

A

Virulence factor that can bind Fc-IgG which inhibits complement activation/opsonization and phagocytosis

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19
Q

What are the pigment producing bacteria

A

Staph Aureus
Actinomyces israelii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Serratia marcescens

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20
Q

Large golden colonies

A

Staph Aureus

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21
Q

Yellow/sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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22
Q

Blue-green pigment

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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23
Q

Red pigment

A

Serratia marcescens

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24
Q

Staph saprophyticus

A

Coag neg staph

UTIs

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25
What staph species infects prosthetic devices and IV catheters
Staph epidermidis - produces adherent biofilms
26
Strep pneumoniae diseases
Most common cause of both CAP and bacterial meningitis in adults. Rust colored sputum. Causes otitis media and sinusitis
27
Rusty colored sputum
Strep pneumo
28
Virulence factors of S. pneumo
IgA protease - can cleave IgA on mucosa surfaces | Capsule
29
Viridans strep
Many species that have alpha (partial) hemolysis, no capsule | Considered normal flora
30
How do viridans strep get into blood stream
S. sanguinis can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis at damaged valves They make dextrans that bind fibrin-plt aggregates on damaged heart valves
31
What does strep pyogenes cause
Pyogenic - pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo Toxigenic - Scarlet fever, TSS, nec fasc Immunologic - rheumatic fever, PSGN
32
What is the Jones criteria
``` For rhuematic fever Joints - polyarthritis O - heart - pancarditis Nodules - subcutaenous Erythema marginatum Sydenham chorea ```
33
Group B strep (Strep agalactiae) - CAMP factor
Enlarges area of hemolysis formed by S. Aureus
34
Hippurate test
Positive in GBS
35
What strep species are bacitracin sensitive and resistant
Sensitive - Strep pyogenes | Resistant - Strep agalactiae
36
Enterococci
Endocarditis and UTI | Antibiotic resistance
37
Strep bovis and what does it cause
Group D strep Colonizes the gut Can cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer pateints
38
What bacteria can grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile
Enterococci
39
How is corynebacterium diphtheriae diagnosed
Gram positive rods w/metachromatic granules | Elek test for toxin
40
What does corynebacterium diphtheriae look like on agar
Black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar
41
What is the ABCDEFG of corynebacterium diphtheriae
``` ADP-ribosylation Beta-prophage Corynebacterium Diphtheriae EF-2 Granules ```
42
Antibiotics for diphtheria
Antitoxin Erythromycin or penicillin Give vaccine - natural infection doesn't induce immunity
43
Clostridia
Spore forming gram + rods that are obligate anaerobes
44
Clostridium tetani
Spore - Makes tetanospasmin | Once inoculated in a wound, becomes a gram positive rod, makes the toxin
45
Clostridium botulinum
Heat labile toxin that inhibits Ach at NMJ
46
Clostridium perfringens
Produces alpha toxin - a phospholipase that causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis
47
C. Diff toxins
Produces 2 toxins Toxin A: enterotoxin that binds brush border Toxin B: cytotoxin that causes cytoskeletal disruption via actin depolymerization --> pseudomembranous colitis --> diarrhea
48
Bacillus anthracis
Gram positive rod Produces toxin w/3 components Only bacterium w/ a polypeptide capsule
49
Cutaneous anthrax
More common Spores under the skin Small papule appears transforms into small painless ulcer w/central necrosis, black eschar Surrounding edema and erythema
50
Pulmonary anthrax
Inhalation of spores - phagocytosed in alveoli --> mediastinal LNs. Flu like symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock. Woolsorter's disease.
51
What does pulmonary anthrax look like on CXR
Mediastinal widening
52
What are some obligate anaerobes
Clostridium tetani Actinomyces Bacteroides
53
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram positive rod Facultative intracellular organism Tumbling motility
54
How does listeria enter body
Through GI tract - penetrates intestinal mucosa and is taken up by monocytes
55
How does listeria get into cytosol
From phagosome via listeriolysin O
56
How does listeria evade antibody
Forms rocket tails via actin polymerization that allows movement through cytoplasm and into cell membrane, avoiding antibody
57
Actinomyces
Anaerobes that colonize OP and GI tract
58
Nocardia
Gram positive aerobe, looks like actinomyces, acid fast. | Found in soil
59
In whom does nocardia cause infection
Pulmonary infections in immunocompromised and cutaneous infections after trauma in immunocompetent
60
Treatment of actinomyces
PCN
61
Treatment of nocardia
Sulfonamides
62
Actinomyces infections
Oral/facial abscesses that drain through sinus tracts

Micro (8 decks)

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