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Basic Bacteriology and Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A 
Use an O2-dependent system to generate ATP
Nagging Pests Must Breathe:
Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MycoBacterium TB
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2
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Can’t grow or make ATP when in O2

Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase = susceptible to oxidative damage

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3
Q

Examples of obligate anaerobes

A

Anaerobes Can’t Breathe Air
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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4
Q

Obligate intracellular bugs

A

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

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5
Q

Facultative intracellular

A 
"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"
Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
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6
Q

What is the Quellung Rxn

A

Anticapsular serum added to bacteria –> capsule swells under microscope

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7
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A 
Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies
E Coli
Strep pneumo
Pseudomonas
Neisseria
Klebsiella
H Flu B
Salmonella Typhi
Group B strep
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8
Q

What are the catalase + organisms

A 
PLACESS
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E coli
S aureus
Serratia
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9
Q

What are the urease-positive bugs

A 
CHuck Norris hates PUNKSS
Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
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10
Q

Pigment producing bacteria

A

Actinomyces israelii - yellow granules
S aureus - yellow/gold pigment
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - blue/green
Serratia marcescens - red

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11
Q

Virulence factor Protein A

A

Binds Fc region of IgG which prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
S. aureus

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12
Q

Virulence factor IgA protease

A

Enzyme that cleaves IgA

Helps colonize respiratory mucosa

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13
Q

Which bugs secrete IgA protease

A

S. pneumo
H. flu
Neisseria

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14
Q

Virulence factor M protein

A

Helps prevent phagocytosis

Group A strep express

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15
Q

What is unique about mycoplasma

A

No cell wall

Contain sterols

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16
Q

What is unique about mycobacteria

A

Have cell walls - they contain mycolic acid
High lipid content
Resistant to gram staining
Resilient in many environments

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17
Q

Where is endotoxin found

A

Within outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
It’s the lipopolysaccharide component.
Lipid A - trapped in outer cell membrane until cell lysed

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18
Q

What does endotoxin activate

A

Macrophages: IL-1, TNFa, NO (fever, hypotension)
Complement: C3a (hypotension, edema), C5a (neutrophil chemotaxis)
TF: Coagulation cascade –> DIC

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19
Q

What bacteria usually produce exotoxins

A

Gram + with plasmids or bacteriophages that code for them

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20
Q

Are exotoxins antigenic?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What are superantigens

A

Exotoxins that can bind MHC class II receptor and TCR –> Polyclonal expansion of T cell –> massive immune response, cytokines

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22
Q

What are two superantigen producers

A

Staph aureus

Strep pyogenes

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23
Q

What known toxins are secreted by Staph Aureus and waht are their actions

A 
4 hemolysins
alpha - hemolysis
beta - sphingomyelinase
gamma toxin - hemolysin, leukocidin
delta toxin - toxic to erythrocytes and other cells - hemolysis
Leukocidin - destroys leukocytes
24
Q

What is leukocidin

A

Toxin produced by Staph Aureus - affect neutrophils and macrophages

25
What are the two super antigens produced by Staph A?
Enterotoxins A-E | TSST - toxic shock syndrome
26
What toxins are secreted by strep pyogenes? (GAS)
- Streptolysin O - Streptolysin S - Erythrogenic/pyrogenic toxins (scarlet fever)
27
Streptolysin O
Secreted by strep pyogenes Causes hemolysis (is oxygen labile) Antibodies to this to detect recent infection ASO titers)
28
Streptolysin S
``` Secreted by strep pyogenes Causes hemolysis (is oxygen stable) ```
29
Diphtheria toxin MOA
Produced by Corynebacterium | Inactivates EF-2 - inhibits protein synthesis
30
Diphtheria toxin symptoms
Pharyngitis with gray pseudomembranes | Cardiac and nerve cell damage
31
Pseudomonas aeruoginosa exotoxin
Exotoxin A
32
Mechanism of action of pseudomonas Exotoxin A
Inactivates EF-2 --> inhibits protein synthesis --> host cell death
33
Shigella toxin
Shiga toxin
34
Shiga toxin MOA
Cleaves host rRNA at adenine base in 60s ribosome subunit --> inhibits protein synthesis
35
Enterohemorrhagic E Coli (EHEC)
0157:H7 Forms shiga-like toxin Causes bloody diarrhea Damage to renal and endothelial cells --> HUS
36
What causes HUS
EHEC
37
Triad of HUS
Hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia Acute renal failure
38
Enterotoxigenic E Coli (ETEC) toxins
Heat labile toxin | Heat stable toxin
39
What does ETEC heat labile toxin do
Overactivates cAMP --> Increased secretion of Cl- in gut and water efflux
40
What does ETEC heat stable toxin do
Overactivates cGMP --> decreased reabsorbtion of NaCl and water in gut
41
What is the leading cause of traveler's diarrhea
ETEC
42
Yersinia entercolitica toxin
Similar to heat stable toxin from ETEC - stimulates cGMP | "pseudoappendicitis"
43
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax toxin
44
What are the 3 components of anthrax toxin
Edema factor = Adenylyl cyclase Lethal factor Protective Ag
45
Cholera toxin
Stimulates AC --> increase cAMP --> permanently activating Gs. Rice water stools
46
Bordetella pertussis toxin
Increases cAMP by binding to and inactivating Gi proteins -> increases cAMP
47
Clostridium tetani toxin
Tetanospasmin
48
MOA of Tetanospasmin
Blocks release of GABA and glycine (inhibitory NTs) --> lock jaw, spasm
49
Clostridium botulinum toxin MOA
Work at NMJ to inhibit release of Ach -> flaccid paralysis
50
Clostridium perfringens toxin
Alpha toxin: A phospholipase that causes gas gangrene and myonecrosis Enterotoxin: Food poisoning
51
What toxin inhibits the inhibitor of adenylate cyclase
Pertussis toxin
52
What toxin(s) stimulate adenylate cyclase causing Cl- and water into the gut, rice water diarrhea
Cholera toxin | Heat labile ETEC toxin
53
What toxins destroy leukocytes
Staph aureus: gamma hemolysin Leukocidin
54
What toxin is composed of edema factor, lethal factor, and protective antigen
Anthrax toxin
55
What toxin causes scarlet fever
Pyrogenic toxins of strep pyogenes
56
What toxin(s) inactivate EF-2
Diptheria toxin and Exotoxin A (pseudomonas)

Micro (8 decks)

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