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Gram - Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

As a general rule, most clinical infections are ____ while most GI infections are ____

A

Aerobic, anaerobic

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2
Q

Endotoxin

A

Derived from the LPS protein layer on the outermost membrane of gram - organisms, released upon cell death to cause malaise but rarely fatal

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3
Q

Exotoxin

A

Substances released by living bacterium, can cause major damage to host and are fatal in large quantities

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4
Q

Periplasmic enzymes

A

enzymes stored in the space between the outer membrane and cell wall of the gram negative organism, when released are a source of virulence factor in the body as an endotoxin

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5
Q

E. coli is normally found in the GI tract without causing problems, in fact they help metabolize what vitamin?

A

B2 riboflavin

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6
Q

Most common UTI causing organism

A

E. coli

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7
Q

Pathology from E coli

A
  • Gastroenteritis/dysentary
  • Neonatal meningitis
  • septicemia
  • UTI
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8
Q

E. coli transmission

A

Fecal oral route

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9
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli EHEC AKA Shiga toxin producing or Verocytotoxin producing

A

-Produce toxin similar to shigella, characterized by abdominal pain with initially watery diarhea but can become blood streaked

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10
Q

0157:H7 E coli

A

Strain responsible most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome

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11
Q

3 common features of hemolytic uremic syndrome

A
  • Hemolysis
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Renal failure
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12
Q

Enterotoxigenic E coli ETEC

A

Leading cause of traveler’s diarrhea, causes explosive watery, oral fecal route, nonmucoid, nonbloody diarrhea, usually resolved in 3-5 days and self limiting

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13
Q

Enteroinvasive E coli EIEC

A

Rare in developed countries, watery to bloody stool usually fever and sever abdominal pain

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14
Q

Enteropathogenic e. coli EPEC

A

Infant diarrhea and impoversihed countries, person to person outbreak, noninvasive but can last 7-15 days

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15
Q

Enteroaggregative E coli EAEC

A

Relatively new, associated with prolonged diarrhea in pediatrics in developing countries, acute and persistent diarrhea in HIV infected adults, 2nd cause of traveler’s diarrhea, watery stool to bloody, growth retardation and malnutrition

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16
Q

Diffusely adherent e coli DAEC

A

Watery diarrhea in children over 2 years, developing and developed countries

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17
Q

6 types of e coli

A 
Enterohemorrhagic
Enterotoxogenic
Enteroinvasive
Enteropathogenic
Enteroaggregative
Diffusely adherant
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18
Q

E coli treatment

A

Often preventative measures, don’t need antibiotics unless UTI

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19
Q

Campylobacter

A

Leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, and commonly causes traveler’s diarrhea, birds and poultry often reservoirs

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20
Q

Examples of campylobacter species

A

C. jejuni

C. coli

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21
Q

Key signifier of campylobacter infection

A

Histologic damage to jejunum, ileum, and colon where mucosal surface appears ulcerated and bloody with crypt abscesses

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22
Q

2 sequelae rare but seen after campylobacter infection

A

Reactive arthritis

Gulliain Barre’ syndrome

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23
Q

Campylobacter treatment

A

Often preventative, disease self limiting

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24
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Uncommon life threatening in children that can survive in low temps and pasteurized milkm typically manifests as pseudoappendicitis in children

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25
Yersinia pestis
A biological WMD transmitted via flea bites and lab specimens, lead to black death, has 2 manifestations bubonic (high fever, bubo formation, 50% mortality) and pneumonic (fever, pulmonary, 90% mortality)
26
Yersinia pestis treatment
Aminoglycosides like streptomycin and gentamycin
27
Vibrio cholerae infection
Secretory diarrhea from cholera toxin 24hrsr after -3 days , can cause rice stools with fishy odor, can kill within 6-12 hours of dehydration
28
Vibrio cholerae transmission
Water or food contaminated by human fecal matter
29
2 types of salmonella enterica manifestations
1) Salmonellosis - vomiting, profuse diarrhea, abdominal pain 2) typhoid fever - sometimes individuals are carriers
30
Typhoid fever presentation
Incubation for 8-14 days, sustained high fever, chills, some develop rose spots
31
Salmonella typhi treatment
Quinolones - ciprofloxacin
32
Salmonellosis presentation
Diarrhea, sometimes bloody, fever, cramps, ill appearance 2-7 days
33
Salmonellosis treatment
Avoid antibiotics (highly resistant, unless bacteremia), avoid anti-diarrheal agents, supportive therapy
34
Shigellosis
Humans are only reservoir, spread fecal oral, common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, highly contageous, bloody watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, self limiting
35
Tenesmus
Constant feeling of having to have a bowel movement despite lack of any actual defacation
36
Shigellosis treatment
Sel flimiting, oral or IV fluid replacement, antibiotics only if severe
37
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Most healthy people do not get sick, can be nosocomial in a compromised immune system, part of normal flora
38
Klebsiella pneumonaie presentation
Thick purulent mucoid sputum (currant jelly), lung abscesses, acute cholangitis
39
Triad for acute cholangitis
fever, upper right quadrant abdominal pain, jaundice
40
Klebsiella pneumoniae treatment
Multiple resistance, check susceptibility pattern
41
Proteus mirabilis
Normal flora that becomes pathogenic in urinary tract (2ndary cause of UTI), wounds, kidney stones (huge and staghorn) often seen in those who have an indwelling catheter
42
Proteus miribalis treatment
Check sensitivity pattern, highly resistant
43
Serratia marcescens
Opportunistic pathogen usually nosocomial in nature, rarely invasive, turns red at room temp
44
Serratia marcesscens treatmnet
Culture and sensitivity needed
45
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Opportunistic, nosocomial often infection can also infect hot tubs or ears in healthy, highly virulent, has fruity grape odor
46
Pseudomonas treatment
Multi drug resistant, serious threat, need expensive or iv drugs to treat
47
Legionella pneumophilia
Derived from stagnate man made water sources such as air cooling system in legionnaire convention, not contageous person to person, most common atypical pneumonia
48
2 forms of presentation of legionella pneumophilia
1) Pontiac fever - influenza like, high fever | 2) Legionnaire's - severe pneumonia, fever, dry cough
49
Heliobacter pylori
Causes peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, most will never develop symptoms, produces urease to colonize gastric mucosa, fecal oral route transmissino
50
H pylori diagnosis
Urea breath test, blood or stool antigen test
51
H pylori treatment
bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracyclin
52
Brucellosis
Zoonotic, almost all from direct or indirect exposure to animals, very rare, range of symptoms
53
Brucellosis diagnosis
Blood or other body fluid culture
54
Brucellosis treatment
Doxycycline and rifampin, bactrim
55
Tularemia
Rabbit fever, transmitted via skin contact with infected animals, inhalation of aerosols, very virulent, can survive in macrophages, difficult to diagnose
56
Tuleremia treatment
Streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, cipro
57
Pasteurella multocida
Transmitted by many domestic or wild animal scratch or bite, ability to alter shape and size
58
Pasteurella treatment
Amoxicillin,3rd gen cephalosporin
59
Haemophilus 4 species
Haemophilus influenza A or B, ducreyi, haemolyticus
60
Haemophilus characteristics
Found in normal flora, requires high CO2 low O2, resistance to PCN
61
Most common types of invasive disease cause by H influenza
Meningitis, epiglottitis
62
Haemophilus ducreyi
Chancroid forming, genital ulcer disease
63
Haemophilus treatment
amoxacillin, if resistant 2nd or 3rd gen cephalosporin
64
Hamophilus influenza B has a ____ available
vaccine
65
Niesseria gonorrhoeae
2nd most common STD in US, intracellular diplococci, growing resistance to B lactamase, reportable, screen high risk anually
66
Niesseria gonorrhoae infection
Cervicitis/PID/urethritis, pharyngitis, neonatal conjunctivitis (can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree), fitz hugh curtis syndrome
67
Niesseria gonorrhoae treatment
Ceftriaxone, azithromycine or doxycycline, cipro
68
Fitz hugh - curtis syndrome
Rare disease found almost exclusively in women, inflammation of membrane lining stomach and the tissues surrounding the liver,
69
Niesseria meningitidis
Inflames meninges, presents as headache, stiff neck and feer, prompt treatment required
70
Niesseria meningitidis treatment
Vancomycin
71
Niesseria meningitidis diagnosis
Gram stain CSF

Infectious Disease (24 decks)

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