GONADAL HORMONES

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

What is the most common cause of male gonadal dysfunction?

Answer 2

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction is the most common cause.

Question 3

What is Kallmann syndrome?

Answer 3

Kallmann syndrome is a form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with anosmia due to GnRH deficiency.

Question 4

What is the main cause of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)?

Answer 4

CAIS is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene

Question 5

What hormone regulates spermatogenesis and Leydig cell function?

Answer 5

FSH regulates spermatogenesis via Sertoli cells

Question 6

What is the significance of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in males?

Answer 6

AMH

Question 7

What is the role of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 7

FSH promotes follicular growth

Question 8

What are the diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer 8

PCOS is diagnosed by hyperandrogenism

Question 9

What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea?

Answer 9

Turner syndrome is a frequent cause

Question 10

What are the effects of menopause on hormone levels?

Answer 10

Menopause leads to reduced estrogen and progesterone levels

Question 11

What is the most common form of testicular cancer?

Answer 11

Seminoma is the most common testicular germ cell tumor

Question 12

What is idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)?

Answer 12

IHH is characterized by low levels of gonadotropins and sex steroids

Question 13

What is the primary function of testosterone?

Answer 13

Testosterone regulates male secondary sexual characteristics

Question 14

What is the treatment for testicular torsion?

Answer 14

Surgical detorsion and orchiopexy are required to restore blood flow and prevent recurrence.

Question 15

What is the primary hormone involved in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

Estrogen dominates the follicular phase

Question 16

What is hypergonadotropic hypogonadism?

Answer 16

It is primary gonadal failure characterized by high levels of gonadotropins (FSH

Question 17

What is the pathophysiology of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

Answer 17

CAH involves enzyme deficiencies in adrenal steroidogenesis

Question 18

What are the primary clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer 18

Clinical features include hirsutism

Question 19

What are the primary causes of female infertility?

Answer 19

Common causes include PCOS

Question 20

What are the common laboratory tests for assessing male infertility?

Answer 20

Tests include semen analysis

Question 21

What is the role of estrogen in bone health?

Answer 21

Estrogen reduces bone resorption and maintains bone density by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Question 22

How is erectile dysfunction (ED) diagnosed?

Answer 22

Diagnosis involves history

Question 23

What are the common treatments for gynecomastia?

Answer 23

Treatment includes addressing underlying causes

Question 24

What is the treatment approach for precocious puberty?

Answer 24

Treatment involves GnRH analogs to suppress premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Question 25

What is the primary function of LH in males?

Answer 25

LH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone.

Question 26

How is premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) diagnosed?

Answer 26

Diagnosis includes elevated FSH levels and low estrogen levels in women under 40 years with amenorrhea.