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BLOCK POSTING 5 > ENDO PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

ENDO PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What are the primary organs of the endocrine system?

A

The primary organs are the pituitary

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3
Q

What are APUD cells?

A

APUD (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) cells produce polypeptide hormones and link the endocrine system to the nervous system.

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4
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system?

A

It includes the hypothalamus

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5
Q

What are the hormone classes based on receptor location?

A
  1. Cell surface receptors (e.g.
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6
Q

What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

A

Growth and differentiation

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7
Q

What is the pituitary gland’s anatomical location?

A

It is located in the sella turcica at the base of the brain.

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

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9
Q

What hormones are secreted by acidophils in the anterior pituitary?

A

Acidophils secrete growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL).

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10
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

It stores and releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

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11
Q

What are the effects of vasopressin (ADH) deficiency?

A

It causes diabetes insipidus

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12
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Excess growth hormone before epiphyseal closure

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13
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excess growth hormone in adults

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14
Q

What is hyperprolactinemia and its effects?

A

It is excessive prolactin secretion causing amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome in females and impotence in males.

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15
Q

What is pituitary Cushing’s syndrome?

A

It is caused by ACTH-secreting adenomas

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16
Q

What is Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?

A

Excess ADH secretion causing water retention

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17
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Postpartum pituitary necrosis due to hypovolemic shock

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18
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

GH deficiency in children resulting in stunted growth.

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19
Q

What are the common types of pituitary adenomas?

A

Lactotroph (PRL-secreting)

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20
Q

What is craniopharyngioma?

A

A benign tumor arising from Rathke’s pouch remnants

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21
Q

How are pituitary adenomas classified?

A

They are classified by cell type: acidophil

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22
Q

What is empty-sella syndrome?

A

It is the herniation of the subarachnoid space into the sella turcica

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23
Q

What is the treatment for prolactinomas?

A

Dopamine agonists like bromocriptine or surgery in resistant cases.

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24
Q

How does oxytocin function during labor and lactation?

A

It stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from the mammary glands.

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25
Q

What are the pressure effects of pituitary tumors?

A

They can cause optic chiasma compression

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26
Q

Front

A

Back

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27
Q

What are chromophobe cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

They are cells without visible granules

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28
Q

What is the function of gonadotrophs?

A

Gonadotrophs secrete FSH and LH

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29
Q

What are corticotrophs and their secretions?

A

Corticotrophs secrete ACTH

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30
Q

What is the role of thyrotrophs?

A

Thyrotrophs produce TSH

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31
Q

What are the main feedback mechanisms in the endocrine system?

A

Positive feedback (e.g.

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32
Q

What is the embryological origin of the adenohypophysis?

A

It develops from Rathke’s pouch

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33
Q

What is the embryological origin of the neurohypophysis?

A

It is a downward growth of primitive neural tissue connected to the hypothalamus.

34
Q

What is the significance of Rathke’s pouch?

A

It is the ectodermal structure from which the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) develops.

35
Q

What are the clinical features of prolactinoma?

A

Symptoms include galactorrhea

36
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A disorder caused by ADH deficiency

37
Q

What are basophilic cells in the pituitary and their function?

A

Basophils secrete TSH

38
Q

What are the types of pituitary tumors based on hormonal secretion?

A
  1. Functional (e.g.
39
Q

What are the signs of Cushing’s syndrome caused by a pituitary adenoma?

A

Central obesity

40
Q

What are the pressure effects of macroadenomas?

A

They can cause visual field defects

41
Q

What are the common causes of hypopituitarism?

A

Causes include Sheehan’s syndrome

42
Q

What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?

A

Gigantism occurs before epiphyseal closure in children; acromegaly occurs in adults after closure.

43
Q

What are the main hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis?

A

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

44
Q

What is the function of ADH (vasopressin)?

A

It promotes water reabsorption in renal tubules to regulate plasma osmolality.

45
Q

What are the common presentations of pituitary dwarfism?

A

Short stature

46
Q

What is the primary cause of empty-sella syndrome?

A

Herniation of the subarachnoid space into the sella turcica

47
Q

What are the diagnostic features of a prolactinoma?

A

Elevated prolactin levels

48
Q

What are the key symptoms of pituitary apoplexy?

A

Sudden headache

49
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the neurohypophysis?

A

Pituicytes (glial cells) and nerve fibers containing neurosecretory granules.

50
Q

How is diabetes insipidus differentiated from SIADH?

A

Diabetes insipidus causes dilute urine and hypernatremia; SIADH causes concentrated urine and hyponatremia.

51
Q

What is the role of ACTH in the endocrine system?

A

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and androgens.

52
Q

Front

A

Back

53
Q

What are the main functions of the thyroid gland?

A

The thyroid gland regulates metabolism

54
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

The thyroid gland is in the midline

55
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis?

A

A hypermetabolic state caused by elevated free T3 and T4 levels

56
Q

What are the primary causes of thyrotoxicosis?

A
  1. Grave’s disease (85% of cases) 2. Hyperfunctional multinodular goiter 3. Hyperfunctional thyroid adenoma.
57
Q

What are the cardiac effects of hyperthyroidism?

A

Tachycardia

58
Q

What is thyroid storm?

A

A severe

59
Q

What are the features of hypothyroidism in infants (cretinism)?

A

Severe mental retardation

60
Q

What are the features of hypothyroidism in adults (myxedema)?

A

Fatigue

61
Q

What are the common autoimmune thyroid disorders?

A
  1. Hashimoto thyroiditis 2. Grave’s disease.
62
Q

What is Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

An autoimmune disorder causing gradual thyroid failure due to thyroid gland destruction.

63
Q

What are the main clinical features of Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Painless symmetric thyroid enlargement

64
Q

What antibodies are associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies.

65
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

An autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism

66
Q

What are the three main features of Grave’s disease?

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Exophthalmos (protruding eyes) 3. Pretibial myxedema (dermopathy).
67
Q

What antibodies are specific for Grave’s disease?

A

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) and thyroid growth-stimulating immunoglobulins.

68
Q

What is the morphological hallmark of Grave’s disease in the thyroid gland?

A

Diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular epithelium with scalloped colloid.

69
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?

A

Papillary carcinoma (>85% of cases).

70
Q

What are the histological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Orphan Annie eye nuclei

71
Q

What is follicular carcinoma of the thyroid?

A

A thyroid carcinoma characterized by capsular and vascular invasion

72
Q

What is anaplastic thyroid carcinoma?

A

A rare

73
Q

What is medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

A cancer arising from parafollicular C cells

74
Q

What is a thyroid adenoma?

A

A benign

75
Q

What is the significance of hot vs. cold thyroid nodules?

A

Hot nodules (functional) are usually benign; cold nodules (non-functional) have a higher likelihood of malignancy.

76
Q

What is the main diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules?

A

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and histological examination of resected tissue.

77
Q

What is the treatment for Grave’s disease?

A

Beta-blockers for symptom control

78
Q

What is the main pathology of multinodular goiter?

A

Irregular enlargement of the thyroid with nodules caused by repeated episodes of hyperplasia and involution.

79
Q

What are Hurthle cells?

A

Epithelial cells with abundant eosinophilic

80
Q

What is a thyroid storm?

A

An acute

BLOCK POSTING 5 (8 decks)

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