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BLOCK POSTING 5 > ENDO PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

ENDO PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What are the primary organs of the endocrine system?

A

The primary organs are the pituitary

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3
Q

What are APUD cells?

A

APUD (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) cells produce polypeptide hormones and link the endocrine system to the nervous system.

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4
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system?

A

It includes the hypothalamus

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5
Q

What are the hormone classes based on receptor location?

A
  1. Cell surface receptors (e.g.
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6
Q

What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

A

Growth and differentiation

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7
Q

What is the pituitary gland’s anatomical location?

A

It is located in the sella turcica at the base of the brain.

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

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9
Q

What hormones are secreted by acidophils in the anterior pituitary?

A

Acidophils secrete growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL).

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10
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

It stores and releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

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11
Q

What are the effects of vasopressin (ADH) deficiency?

A

It causes diabetes insipidus

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12
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Excess growth hormone before epiphyseal closure

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13
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excess growth hormone in adults

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14
Q

What is hyperprolactinemia and its effects?

A

It is excessive prolactin secretion causing amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome in females and impotence in males.

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15
Q

What is pituitary Cushing’s syndrome?

A

It is caused by ACTH-secreting adenomas

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16
Q

What is Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?

A

Excess ADH secretion causing water retention

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17
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Postpartum pituitary necrosis due to hypovolemic shock

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18
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

GH deficiency in children resulting in stunted growth.

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19
Q

What are the common types of pituitary adenomas?

A

Lactotroph (PRL-secreting)

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20
Q

What is craniopharyngioma?

A

A benign tumor arising from Rathke’s pouch remnants

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21
Q

How are pituitary adenomas classified?

A

They are classified by cell type: acidophil

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22
Q

What is empty-sella syndrome?

A

It is the herniation of the subarachnoid space into the sella turcica

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23
Q

What is the treatment for prolactinomas?

A

Dopamine agonists like bromocriptine or surgery in resistant cases.

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24
Q

How does oxytocin function during labor and lactation?

A

It stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from the mammary glands.

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25
What are the pressure effects of pituitary tumors?
They can cause optic chiasma compression
26
Front
Back
27
What are chromophobe cells in the anterior pituitary?
They are cells without visible granules
28
What is the function of gonadotrophs?
Gonadotrophs secrete FSH and LH
29
What are corticotrophs and their secretions?
Corticotrophs secrete ACTH
30
What is the role of thyrotrophs?
Thyrotrophs produce TSH
31
What are the main feedback mechanisms in the endocrine system?
Positive feedback (e.g.
32
What is the embryological origin of the adenohypophysis?
It develops from Rathke's pouch
33
What is the embryological origin of the neurohypophysis?
It is a downward growth of primitive neural tissue connected to the hypothalamus.
34
What is the significance of Rathke’s pouch?
It is the ectodermal structure from which the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) develops.
35
What are the clinical features of prolactinoma?
Symptoms include galactorrhea
36
What is diabetes insipidus?
A disorder caused by ADH deficiency
37
What are basophilic cells in the pituitary and their function?
Basophils secrete TSH
38
What are the types of pituitary tumors based on hormonal secretion?
1. Functional (e.g.
39
What are the signs of Cushing’s syndrome caused by a pituitary adenoma?
Central obesity
40
What are the pressure effects of macroadenomas?
They can cause visual field defects
41
What are the common causes of hypopituitarism?
Causes include Sheehan’s syndrome
42
What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?
Gigantism occurs before epiphyseal closure in children; acromegaly occurs in adults after closure.
43
What are the main hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis?
ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin
44
What is the function of ADH (vasopressin)?
It promotes water reabsorption in renal tubules to regulate plasma osmolality.
45
What are the common presentations of pituitary dwarfism?
Short stature
46
What is the primary cause of empty-sella syndrome?
Herniation of the subarachnoid space into the sella turcica
47
What are the diagnostic features of a prolactinoma?
Elevated prolactin levels
48
What are the key symptoms of pituitary apoplexy?
Sudden headache
49
What are the two main types of cells in the neurohypophysis?
Pituicytes (glial cells) and nerve fibers containing neurosecretory granules.
50
How is diabetes insipidus differentiated from SIADH?
Diabetes insipidus causes dilute urine and hypernatremia; SIADH causes concentrated urine and hyponatremia.
51
What is the role of ACTH in the endocrine system?
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and androgens.
52
Front
Back
53
What are the main functions of the thyroid gland?
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism
54
Where is the thyroid gland located?
The thyroid gland is in the midline
55
What is thyrotoxicosis?
A hypermetabolic state caused by elevated free T3 and T4 levels
56
What are the primary causes of thyrotoxicosis?
1. Grave’s disease (85% of cases) 2. Hyperfunctional multinodular goiter 3. Hyperfunctional thyroid adenoma.
57
What are the cardiac effects of hyperthyroidism?
Tachycardia
58
What is thyroid storm?
A severe
59
What are the features of hypothyroidism in infants (cretinism)?
Severe mental retardation
60
What are the features of hypothyroidism in adults (myxedema)?
Fatigue
61
What are the common autoimmune thyroid disorders?
1. Hashimoto thyroiditis 2. Grave’s disease.
62
What is Hashimoto thyroiditis?
An autoimmune disorder causing gradual thyroid failure due to thyroid gland destruction.
63
What are the main clinical features of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Painless symmetric thyroid enlargement
64
What antibodies are associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
65
What is Grave’s disease?
An autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism
66
What are the three main features of Grave’s disease?
1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Exophthalmos (protruding eyes) 3. Pretibial myxedema (dermopathy).
67
What antibodies are specific for Grave’s disease?
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) and thyroid growth-stimulating immunoglobulins.
68
What is the morphological hallmark of Grave’s disease in the thyroid gland?
Diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular epithelium with scalloped colloid.
69
What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?
Papillary carcinoma (>85% of cases).
70
What are the histological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma?
Orphan Annie eye nuclei
71
What is follicular carcinoma of the thyroid?
A thyroid carcinoma characterized by capsular and vascular invasion
72
What is anaplastic thyroid carcinoma?
A rare
73
What is medullary thyroid carcinoma?
A cancer arising from parafollicular C cells
74
What is a thyroid adenoma?
A benign
75
What is the significance of hot vs. cold thyroid nodules?
Hot nodules (functional) are usually benign; cold nodules (non-functional) have a higher likelihood of malignancy.
76
What is the main diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules?
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and histological examination of resected tissue.
77
What is the treatment for Grave’s disease?
Beta-blockers for symptom control
78
What is the main pathology of multinodular goiter?
Irregular enlargement of the thyroid with nodules caused by repeated episodes of hyperplasia and involution.
79
What are Hurthle cells?
Epithelial cells with abundant eosinophilic
80
What is a thyroid storm?
An acute

BLOCK POSTING 5 (8 decks)

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