Goals

Question 1

goals (3)

Answer 1

• end results that require action
• purpose toward which much of behaviour is directed
• things people are trying to accomplish

Question 2

what are the 3 classifications of goals

Answer 2

• by time
• by role
• by type

Question 3

how are goals classified by time (3)

Answer 3

• short term (less than 3 months)
• intermediate (3 months - 1 year)
• long term (over 1 year)

Question 4

how are goals classified by role (4)

Answer 4

• personal
• professional
• societal
• familial

Question 5

how are goals classified by type (2)

Answer 5

• primary

- secondary (which often lead to primary)

Question 6

what are the characteristics of an effective goal (5)

Answer 6

SMART:

• specific
• measurable
• achievable but challenging
• relevant
• time specific

Question 7

what are the reasons that people fail to reach personal goals? (3)

Answer 7

• lack clear, specific goals
• fail to monitor progress toward the goal
• do not possess sufficient self-regulatory strength to maintain pursuit of goal when obstacles or distractions are encountered

Question 8

how can we overcome limits to self-regulatory strength (3)

Answer 8

• exhibit readiness to pursue the goal at this particular time
• have self-efficacy/sense of confidence in ability to perform actions needed to lead to desire outcome
• careful planning, implementing, or automate goal pursuit by forming habits

Question 9

what are some strategies for overcoming obstacles to goals (3)

Answer 9

• divide large goals into smaller ones
• set deadlines, monitor and evaluating meeting deadlines for the goal
• friend or family member can discuss progress toward goal

Question 10

autonomy (3)

Answer 10

• quality or state of being self-governing

- doing what you want and not what others tell you to do

Question 11

which goals usually lead to success

Answer 11

• goals that are more autonomous and carefully planned

Question 12

motivation

Answer 12

• the vigour, drive, and persistence of movement toward goals or other desired outcomes

Question 13

motivational process (2)

Answer 13

• actual state –> desired state

- tensions creates a drive to reduce or eliminate the discrepancy or fulfill the need

Question 14

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (5)

Answer 14

• physiological needs
• safety
• belongingness and love
• esteem
• self-actualization

Question 15

what are McClelland’s 3 Primary Needs

Answer 15

• the need for achievement: seek to get ahead and strive for success
• the need for affiliation: to make friends, join groups, associate with others
• the need for power: to obtain and exercise control over others

Question 16

what are the characteristics of high achievers? (2)

Answer 16

• pursue goals that are challenging, yet attainable through hard work, ability, determination, and persistence
• see their success as a result of their own talents, abilities, and hard work

Question 17

what are the characteristics of low achievers? (3)

Answer 17

• not willing to take chances when it comes to testing their own skills and abilities
• when they fail, they usually give up quickly
• take a low or a high risk

Question 18

what are the two types of motivation

Answer 18

• intrinsic or extrinsic

Question 19

intrinsic motivation

Answer 19

• pleasure or value derived from the work or activity itself

Question 20

extrinsic motivation

Answer 20

• forces external to the individual such as outside rewards

Question 21

extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation: which projects usually get done (2)

Answer 21

• extrinsically motivated as we HAVE to do them

- intrinsic motivated ones tend to be put off until extrinsic ones are completed

Question 22

what are the characteristics of good extrinsic rewards (4)

Answer 22

• specific
• given immediately after a good work performance
• valued by receiver
• equitable

Question 23

interactive values-goal model (5)

Answer 23

1. identify goal desired
2. values
3. goal formation and commitment
4. goal-seeking behaviour
5. goal attainment, rejection, or reformulation

Question 24

habits

Answer 24

• repetitive, often unconscious, patterns of behaviour like brushing one’s teeth

Question 25

performance goals

Answer 25

• emphasize outcomes or actions

Question 26

creativity goals

Answer 26

• characterized by someone wanting to do new things or to be original, rather than to just master a skill

Question 27

learning goals

Answer 27

• emphasize gaining of competence

Question 28

optimism

Answer 28

• tendency or a disposition to expect the best outcome or to think hopefully about a situation

Question 29

optimism bias

Answer 29

• the belief that things will get better

Question 30

resilience

Answer 30

• ability to overcome obstacles and to achieve positive outcomes even after experiencing extreme difficulties

Question 31

goal disengagement

Answer 31

• some goals have to be let go or sharply redefined

- can be behavioural, affective (change in feelings) of motivational