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Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the net reaction for glycolysis?

A

glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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2
Q

What reaction is occurring here?

A

Phosphorylation

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3
Q

What Enzyme is this?

A

Hexokinase

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4
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Glucose

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5
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate

G-6P

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6
Q

What reaction is occuring here?

A

isomerization

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7
Q

What Enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

Phosphoglucose Isomerase

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8
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate

G-6P

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9
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Fructose 6-phosphate

F-6P

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10
Q

What reaction is occuring here?

A

phosphorylation

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11
Q

What Enzyme is this?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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12
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Fructose 6-Phosphate

F-6P

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13
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Fructose 1, 6-Biphosphate

F-1,6BP

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14
Q

What reaction is occuring here?

A

Cleavage

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15
Q

What Enzyme is this?

A

Aldolase

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16
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Fructose 1, 6-Biphosphate

F-1,6BP

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17
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

DHAP

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18
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

GAP

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19
Q

What reaction is occuring here?

A

isomerization

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20
Q

What Enzyme is this?

A

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

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21
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

DHAP

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22
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

GAP

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23
Q

What reaction is occuring here?

A

oxidation and phosphorylation

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24
Q

What Enzyme is this?

A

GAP Dehydrogenase

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25
What molecule is this?
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate GAP
26
What molecule is this?
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate 1,3-BPG
27
What reaction is occuring here?
Dephosphorylation
28
What Enzyme is this?
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
29
What molecule is this?
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate 1,3-BPG
30
What molecule is this?
3-Phosphoglycerate 3-PG
31
What reaction is occuring here?
Rearrangement
32
What Enzyme is this?
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
33
What molecule is this?
3-Phosphoglycerate 3-PG
34
What molecule is this?
2-Phosphoglycerate 2-PG
35
What reaction is occuring here?
Dehydration
36
What Enzyme is this?
Enolase
37
What molecule is this?
2-Phosphoglycerate 2-PG
38
What molecule is this?
Phosphenolpyruvate
39
What reaction is occuring here?
Dephosphorylation
40
What Enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
Pyruvate Kinase
41
What molecule is this?
Phosphenolpyruvate
42
What molecule is this?
Pyruvate | (enol form)
43
What molecule is this?
Pyruvate
44
Under what conditions does glycolysis occur?
Anaerobic
45
Pyruvate's fate under _____ Conditions: NADH dump their e- into the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), where oxygen is the final e- acceptor. Pyruvate is further oxidized to acetyl-CoA by the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, and then enters into the Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic
46
Pyruvate's fate under ______ Conditions: ETC does not run and the NADH from glycolysis have nowhere to dump their e-, fermentation in yeast, reduced to lactate
Anaerobic
47
What are the 3 main enzymes that regulate glycolysis?
1. Hexokinase 2. Phosphofructokinase (most important) 3. Pyruvate kinase
48
Where is the following true? • Hexokinase: – Regulated by feedback inhibition of its product (G-6-P) – Allows glucose export from cell • Phosphofructokinase: – Regulated allosterically by ATP/AMP and pH – ATP and low pH down-regulate glycolysis; AMP upregulates • Pyruvate kinase: – Allosterically regulated by ATP/ADP – Inhibited by alanine (biosynthesis pathway) – Stimulated through feed-forward mechanism by F-1,6-BP
Muscle
49
Where is the following true? • Hexokinase: – Regulated by feedback inhibition of its product (G-6-P) – Hexokinase D functions only under high levels of glucose – Provides G-6-P for glycogen synthesis • Phosphofructokinase: – Inhibited by citrate, an early intermediate of the TCA cycle – Activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP), an alternative product formed under high F-6-P levels • Pyruvate kinase: – Regulated through covalent modification via ATP phosphorylation of the enzyme
Liver
50
What reaction is occuring here?
carboxylation
51
What Enzyme is this?
Pyruvate Carboxylase
52
What molecule is this?
Pyruvate
53
What molecule is this?
Oxaloacetate
54
What reaction is occuring here?
decarboxylation and phosphorylation
55
What Enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
PEP Carboxykinase
56
What molecule is this?
oxaloacetate
57
What molecule is this?
Phosphenolpyruvate PEP
58
What reaction is occuring here?
dephosphorylation
59
What Enzyme is this?
Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
60
What molecule is this?
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate F-1,6-BP
61
What molecule is this?
Fructose-6-phosphate
62
What reaction is occuring here?
dephosphorylation
63
What Enzyme is this?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
64
What molecule is this?
Glucose-6-phosphate
65
What molecule is this?
Glucose
66
What is the net yield of ATP from glucose in glycolysis?
2
67
What is pyruvate's fate under aerobic conditions? Anaerobic conditions?
* Under aerobic conditions the NADH formed dump their e- into the ETC (where oxygen is the final e- acceptor). * Under anaerobic conditions i.e. low or no oxygen, ETC does not run and NADH from glycolysis has nowhere to dump their e- (and thus cannot regenerate NAD+ which is in limited supply) Reaction occurs best in anaerobic conditions.
68
What is kinetics? Allosterism? Compartmentalization?
1. Control the amount of enzyme (kinetics) 2. Control their catalytic activity (allosterism) 3. Control accessibility of substrates (compartmentalization)
69
How is glycolysis regulated in muscle?
* In muscle, phosphofructokinase is regulated by ATP/AMP and pH. Classic allosterism * ATP and pH down-regulate glycolysis and AMP upregulates. * Hexokinase is regulated by classic feedback inhibition by its product (G-6-P). Allows G export from cell. * Pyruvate kinase is also regulated by ATP/ADP allosterism and inhibited by alanine (biosynthesis pathway) and is stimulated through a feed forward mechanism by F-1,6-BP.
70
How is glycolysis regulated in the liver?
In the liver, there is little ATP or pH flux as seen in muscle (thus these are not regulators of PFK) . Citrate is a biomolecule in the CAC pathway that can cross the mitochondria and signal a high state of energy (thus it will downregulate glycolysis in liver)
71
Why does a CO2 group get temporarily added on to pyruvate only to be taken off?
Pyruvate carboxylase is a mitochondrial enzyme thus, oxaloacetate must be transported from mitochondria to cytoplasm for gluconeogenesis to continue.
72
How is blood glucose related to glycolysis and glyconeogenesis?
* Blood [Glucose] high = glycolysis * Blood [Glucose] low = gluconeogenesis –Irrespective of physical activity level and cellular energy demand. Remember, this is liver.
73
Hexokinase activation
Feedback inhibition but also enzymatic isoforms of low level activity
74
Phosphofructokinase activation
M = muscle; L = Liver (M): Inhibited by high ATP levels; Activated by high AMP levels (M): Inhibited by low pH (acid) (L): inhibited by citrate
75
Pyruvate Kinase activation
Activated by F-1,6-BP in a feed forward mechanism Inhibited by ATP; activated by ADP Inhibited by alanine Activated by epinephrine; inhibited by glucagon in signal transduction via phosphorylation
76
Pyruvate Carboxylase activation
Activated by glucagon; inhibited by insulin Activated by Acetyl CoA; inhibited by CoA
77
F-1,6-bisphosphatase activation
Citrate enhances AMP inhibits
78
What is oxaloacetate reduced to for transport across the mitochondrial membrane?
Malate
79
Where does Conversion of G-6-P to glucose occur?
Only in the ER of liver cells, where glucose 6-phosphatase is found
80
What is consumed during gluconeogenesis?
4 ATP, 2 GTP, and 2 NADH
81
What other non-carbohydrate precursors can be converted into glucose?
Lactate: from muscle following strenuous exercise enters as pyruvate Amino acids (alanine): transamination product of pyruvate enters as pyruvate Glycerol: from triacylglycerol breakdown enters as DHAP
82
Where does the regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis occur?
The liver
83
Which two steps of glycolosis use ATP?
Glucose to G-6P via hexokinase F-6P to F-1,6-BP via phosphofructokinase
84
Which two steps of glycolosis produce ATP?
1,3-BPG to 3-PG via phosphoglycerate kinase PEP to Pyruvate via pyruvate kinase
85
Which step of glycolosis produces NADH?
GAP to 1,3-BPG via GAP dehydrogenase
86
Which step of glycolysis releases H2O?
2-PG to PEP via enolase
87
What molecule is this?
Pyruvate
88
What enzyme is this?
Pyruvate Carboxylase
89
What molecule is this?
Oxaloacetate
90
What enzyme is this?
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase
91
What molecule is this?
Phospenolpyruvate (PEP)
92
What molecule is this?
Malate
93
What enzyme is this?
Malate dehydrogenase
94
What molecule is this?
Oxaloacetate

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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