Exam 3 Practice Flashcards
In the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, what enzymes convert Glucose-6-Phosphate to Ribulose-5-Phosphate?
G-6-P dehydrogenase
lactonase
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
The enzyme ____________ forms Ribose-5-P from Ribulose-5-P
Phosphopentose Isomerase
In the Citric Acid Cycle, what enzymes form NADH?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
(alpha)-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex
malate dehydrogenase
In the Citric Acid Cycle, what enzyme forms FADH2?
Succinate dehydrogenase
In the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, the metabolism of 5 carbon sugars uses the two sugars _______and _______to form two different products ________and _______that can enter glycolysis.
Xylulose, Erythrose
Glucose 3-Phosphate
Fructose 6-Phosphate
In the Citric Acid Cycle, the step that forms ATP/GTP is the __th, catalyzed by the enzyme _______ from the substrate _______ to form the product _______.
5th
Succinyl CoA synthetase
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
In what two steps of the citric acid cycle does decarboxylation occur?
3
4
In what step of the citric acid cycle does dehydration occur?
2a
In what two steps of the citric acid cycle does hydration occur?
2b
7
In what step of the citric acid cycle does phosphorylation occur?
5 (ATP HERE)
In what two steps of the citric acid cycle does dehydrogenation occur?
6
8
The two mobile electron carriers in the electron transport chain?
Ubiquinone (from I to III) Cytochrome c (from III to IV)
Electrons from NADH pump __ protons at pump #3 (cytochrome c oxidase ), electrons from FADH2 pump __ protons at pump #3 and __ protons are necessary to reduce one oxygen (O2) to 2H2O
4
4
4
The difference in liver and muscle ATP from NADH formed in glycolysis is due to ______used to move electrons into the mitochondria in liver versus ______to move electrons into the mitochondrion from the muscle.
Malate Shuttle
Glycerol 3-Phosphate Shuttle
How many half-channels in the C-ring do humans possess?
10
The eukaryotic F0 subunit of ATP synthase is composed primarily of 10 transmembrane alpha helices called the ______that rotate following protonation of an ______residue
C-Ring/Half-Channels
aspartate
The F1 portion of ATP synthase is composed of a hexamer of ___ and ___ subunits and a single ____stalk attached to the rotating c-ring.
(alpha)
(beta)
(gamma y)
Complete oxidation of one pyruvate to CO2 would yield how many ATP if run through the ETC and Ox/Phos?
12.5
How many ATP are produced by Stage I (Glycolysis)?
5
How many ATP are produced by Stage II (ETC Pyruvate)?
2.5 per pyruvate
How many ATP are produced by Stage III (TCA cycle (Acetyl CoA))
10 per Acetyl CoA
Glycogen is broken down to individual glucose units by the action of the ______enzyme at a-(1,4) linkages and the ______enzyme at a-(1,6) linkages.
Glycogen Phosphorylase
a-1,6-glucosidase (transferase first)
Interconversion of the Glucose-1-phosphate formed from phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to a useable form (G-6-P) is by the action of the _____ enzyme
Phosphoglucomutase
Regulation of glycogen degradation is at the enzyme ______ that is interconverted between two isoforms by ______.
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen phosphorylase kinase
Addition of glucose units to glycogen during synthesis requires the activated donor _____and a-(1,4) linkages are formed using the _____ enzyme, while a-(1,6) linkages are formed using the _____ enzyme.
UDP-glucose
Glycogen Synthase
Branching
Regulation of glycogen synthesis is at the enzyme _________.
Glycogen Synthase
______ and _____ enzymes remodel fat cells in response to signal transduction from _____ and ______.
Perilipin A, Hormone-sensitive Lipase
Epinephrine, Glucagon
The glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol is oxidized in the liver to ________.
DHAP
In (Beta)-oxidation of fatty acids, the formation of FADH2 and NADH are by the enzymes _________ and _______.
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Formation of the acyl CoA substrate prior to fatty acid degradation is by the enzyme ______
Acyl-CoA synthetase
Translocation of the acyl CoA into mitochondria for degradation requires transient conjugation to the acyl carrier_______.
Carnitine
How many carbons in Stearic Acid?
18
How many carbons in Palmitic Acid?
16
How many carbons in Myristic Acid?
14
How many carbons in lauric Acid?
12
(Beta)-oxidation of the fatty acid stearate yields ___acetyl CoA, ___FADH2 and __NADH.
9
8
8
(Beta)-oxidation of the fatty acid palmitate yields ___acetyl CoA, ___FADH2 and __NADH.
8
7
7
(Beta)-oxidation of the fatty acid myristate yields ___acetyl CoA, ___FADH2 and __NADH.
7
6
6
(Beta)-oxidation of the fatty acid laurate yields ___acetyl CoA, ___FADH2 and __NADH.
6
5
5
How many ATP are generated from one NADH?
2.5
How many ATP are generated from one FADH2?
1.5
In fatty acid synthesis, the 2 carbon units are derived from the movement of _____ from mitochondria to cytoplasm
Citrate
In fatty acid synthesis, after the 2 carbon units are derived, _____ moves from cytoplasm to mitochondria
Pyruvate
In the synthesis of palmitate, ____ number of NADPH are formed by recycling ____ back to the mitochondria as pyruvate.
8
Oxaloacetate
Addition of glucose units to glycogen during synthesis requires the activated donor _______ and a-(1,6) linkages are formed using the _______ enzyme.
UDP-glucose
branching
