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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates, Lipids, Membranes > Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

individual sugar unit with formula (CH2O)n.

A

Monosaccharide

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2
Q

2-10 sugar units

A

Disaccharide, tri-, tetra-, etc

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3
Q

greater than 10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharide

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4
Q

larger polymer 10’s to 1000’s, may be linear or branched

A

Polysaccharide

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5
Q

What is the term for a sugar with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom?

A

Aldose

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6
Q

What is the term for a sugar with a ketone group on one carbon atom?

A

Ketose

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7
Q

What makes a molecule alpha or beta?

A

Alpha- OH is up on the next carbon from the attached oxygen when moving clockwise

Beta - that same OH is down

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8
Q

How do you name sugars by carbon atoms?

A

triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, etc.

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9
Q

Rich in hydroxyl (OH- ) groups

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

Tend to have the general formula of (CH2O)n where n ≥ 3

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

Single most abundant form of biomolecule found in nature

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What are the cellular functions of carbohydrates?

A

energy storage and metabolism

cellular structure

linkers with other biomolecules (glycolipids, RNA/DNA, glycoproteins)

recognition molecules between cell types and cell structures

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13
Q

What is this?

A

Ketose

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14
Q

What is this?

A

Aldose

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15
Q

What is this?

A

Aldohexose

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16
Q

What is this?

A

Ketopentose

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17
Q

What is this?

A

D-Glucose

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18
Q

What is this?

A

L-glucose

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19
Q

What is this?

A

alpha D-glucose

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20
Q

What is this?

A

Beta D-glucose

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21
Q

What is this?

A

Beta L-glucose

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22
Q

What is this?

A

D-Fructose

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23
Q

What is this?

A

L-fructose

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24
Q

What is this?

A

alpha D-fructose

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25
Q

What is this?

A

Beta D-fructose

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26
Q

What is this?

A

Pyranos

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27
Q

What is this?

A

Furanos

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28
Q

What is this?

A

Sucrose

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29
Q

What is this?

A

Lactose

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30
Q

What is this?

A

Maltose

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31
Q

What kind of linkage is this?

A

alpha-1,4

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32
Q

What kind of linkage is this?

A

alpha-1,6

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33
Q

What is the term for something with non-superimposable mirror images?

A

Enantiomer

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34
Q

What is the term for something with multiple chiral centers, not mirror images?

A

Diastereomers

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35
Q

What is the term for diastereomers that differ at only one chiral center?

A

Epimers

36
Q

What is the term for two molecules, aldoses and ketoses, with the same formula but different structure?

A

Constitutional Isomers

37
Q

How many carbons form the ring in Glucose?

A

6

38
Q

How many carbons form the ring in Fructose?

A

5

39
Q

Unbranched α-1,4 linked glucose units

A

Amylose

40
Q

Primarily protein with O- or N- linked carbohydrate

A

Glycoprotein

41
Q

α-1,4 linked glucose units with α-1,6 branches

A

Amylopectin

42
Q

Unbranched β-1,4 linked glucose units

A

Cellulose

43
Q

α-1,4 linked glucose units with α-1,6 branches

A

Glycogen

44
Q

A protein with long carbohydrate chains such as cartilage

A

Proteoglycan

45
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Lipid is a generic term for any biological molecule that has low water solubility.

46
Q

Generally consist of long chains of numerous reduced carbons (alkanes and alkenes)

A

Lipids

47
Q

May be either hydrophobic or amphipathic (polar and nonpolar parts)

A

Lipids

48
Q

Don’t polymerize to a great extent, aggregate through non-covalent interactions

A

Lipids

49
Q

What are the cellular functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage and metabolism

Membrane structure

Signaling molecules

50
Q

How many carbon atoms in Dodecanoic acid?

A

12

51
Q

How many carbon atoms in Tetradecanoic acid?

A

14

52
Q

How many carbon atoms in Hexadecanoic acid?

A

16

53
Q

How many carbon atoms in Octodecanoic acid?

A

18

54
Q

How many carbon atoms in Lauric acid?

A

12

55
Q

How many carbon atoms in Myristic acid?

A

14

56
Q

How many carbon atoms in Palmitic acid?

A

16

57
Q

How many carbon atoms in Stearic acid?

A

18

58
Q

What’s the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsatruated fatty acid?

A

Double bonds… saturated is a straight chain, unsaturated has double bonds.

59
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Rather than kinking the structure like cis orientations in unsaturated fatty acids, they fold it instead, leaving everything rigid and inflexible (solid).

60
Q

What is this?

A

glycerol

61
Q

What is this?

A

Fatty Acid

62
Q

What is this?

A

Triacyclglycerol

63
Q

What is the general structure for a steroid?

A

Three hexagonal rings and a pentagonal ring.

64
Q

What is the natural state of a saturated fatty acid at room temperature?

A

Solid

65
Q

What is the natural state of an unsaturated fatty acid at room temperature?

A

liquid

66
Q

What is this?

A

Phospholipid base

67
Q

What is a membrane?

A
  • An organized array of lipids and proteins whose hydrophobic nature acts as an effective barrier to polar molecules.
  • Effectively serves to partition the cellular components from the outside.
68
Q

What are the roles of membranes?

A
  • Excludes Toxins
  • Allows passage and accumulation of nutrients
  • Key role in energy transduction
  • Function for cellular locomotion
  • Role in reproduction
  • Role in signal transduction process
  • Role in molecular recognition and cell-cell recogntion
69
Q

What is a Micelle?

A

A membrane with heads outward, tails inward.

70
Q

What is a Liposome?

A

A membrane with two layers, heads out, tails in.

71
Q
  1. These proteins do not penetrate the lipid bilayer to any significant degree
  2. Associate with membrane surface via ionic interactions and H-bonds
  3. Are readily dissociated from the membrane w/ salt and pH change
A

Peripheral Proteins (also known as extrinsic proteins)

72
Q
  1. have hydrocarbon surfaces that penetrate the lipid bilayer
  2. have polar ends that are in contact w/ aqueous
  3. may insert partially or fully through lipid bilayer
  4. can only be removed w/ detergent that breaks up bilayer
A

Integral Proteins (also known as intrinsic proteins)

73
Q

do not associate with membrane themselves but have a hydrophobic lipid tail that does.

A

Lipid linked proteins

74
Q

Movement down a concentration gradient

A

Simple Diffusion

75
Q

Spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

76
Q

one type of molecule gets transported

A

Uniport

77
Q

movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

78
Q

2 different types of molecules being transported in the same direction

A

Symport

79
Q

2 different types of molecules being transported in opposite directions

A

antiport

80
Q

Example of simple diffusion

A

Water across a membrane, from high to low concentration.

81
Q

Example of Uniport Facilitated Diffusion

A

Glucose into a eurythrocyte via a specific transporter

82
Q

Example of Symport

A

Glucose/Sodium Transporter

83
Q

Example of Antiport

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

84
Q

A protein moves along a membrane, but stays on its plane

A

Lateral Diffusion, fast

85
Q

A protein moves in a membrane, switching to the opposite side

A

Transverse Diffusion, slow

86
Q

What three things make a molecule more likely to be taken up by a membrane?

A

Nonpolar

Small

Uncharged

87
Q

What is this?

A

phosphatidyl serine

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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