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Biochemistry > Fatty Acid Metabolism, Synthesis, and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Metabolism, Synthesis, and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three steps of Fatty Acid Processing?

A
  1. Mobilization from fat storage
  2. FA activation and transport to mitochondria
  3. Metabolism to acetyl CoA to feed into CAC
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2
Q

What happens for the G-protein Signal for Fat Mobilization?

A
  • Epinephrine and glucagon act on a 7TM receptor (Chapter 13).
  • Adenylate cyclase forms cAMP and activate PKA.
  • PKA activates perilipin A and hormone sensitive lipase.
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3
Q

How are Fatty Acids carried through the bloodstream?

A

Fatty Acids are not soluble in blood but are carried throughout the bloodstream by binding to serum albumin.

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4
Q

How is triacylglgerol broken down?

A

Lipases

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5
Q

converts MAG to fatty acid + glycerol

A

Monoacylglycerol (MAG) Lipase

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6
Q

converts DAG to MAG

A

Hormone Sensitive (HS) Lipase

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7
Q

converts TAG to DAG

A

Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL)

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8
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

Glycerol

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9
Q

What is this Enzyme?

A

Glycerol Kinase

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10
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

Glycerol 3-Phosphate

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11
Q

What is this Enzyme?

A

Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase

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12
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

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13
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

D-Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

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14
Q

How can Fatty Acids enter cell membranes?

A

Both passive diffusion and specific protein mediated transporters

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15
Q

Name a Fatty Acid Transporter

A

CD36, plasma membrane-associated fatty acid-binding protein (FABP(pm)), and a family of fatty acid transport proteins (FATP1-6)

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16
Q

How many carbon units in Fatty Acid Degradation, and what does it produce?

A

2 Carbon Units

Acetyl CoA

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17
Q

What does Fatty Acid Degradation involve, what is it called, and why?

A

involves oxidation steps and is called (beta)-oxidation based on the FA numbering scheme.

After each round of (beta)-oxidation the FA is 2 carbons shorter

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18
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

Acyl CoA

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19
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

2-trans-enoyl-CoA

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20
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

L-3-hydroxy Acyl CoA

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21
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

3-ketoacyl CoA

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22
Q

What is this Molecule?

A

Acetyl CoA

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23
Q

What is this Enzyme?

A

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

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24
Q

What is this Enzyme?

A

Enoyl CoA hydratase

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25
Q

What is this Enzyme?

A

3-Hydroxy Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

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26
Q

What is this Enzyme?

A

3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase

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27
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Acyl CoA

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28
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Δ2-Enoyl-CoA

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29
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

acyl CoA dehydrogenase

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30
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Δ2-Enoyl-CoA

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31
Q

What is this molecule?

A

L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA

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32
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

enoyl CoA hydratase

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33
Q

What is this molecule?

A

L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA

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34
Q

What is this molecule?

A

3-Ketoacyl CoA

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35
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

L-3-hydroxacyl CoA dehydrogenase

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36
Q

What is this molecule?

A

3-Ketoacyl CoA

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37
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Acetyl CoA (shortened by 2 Carbon Atoms)

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38
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Acetyl CoA

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39
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

β-ketothiolase

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40
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

acyl-CoA synthetase

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41
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Fatty Acid

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42
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Acyl Adenylate

43
Q

What is this molecule?

A

Acyl CoA

44
Q

What is the yield from the degradation of Palmitate?

A

8 acetyl CoA

7 FADH2

7 NADH

45
Q

What is the overall ATP yield from Fatty Acid Degradation?

A

106

46
Q

an alternate, water-soluble fuel source

A

Ketone Bodies

47
Q

What happens with Unsaturated Fatty Acids for odd numbered double bonds?

A
  • Normal oxidation occurs until you hit the double bond.
  • The “normal” cis double bond is isomerized to trans by cis D3-enoyl CoA isomerase
  • Normal oxidation continues but at the 2nd step (you would not get an FADH2)
48
Q

What happens with Unsaturated Fatty Acids for even numbered double bonds?

A
  • Normal oxidation occurs until you form the diene. Which stops the process.
  • The even numbered double bond is removed (reduced to alkane) by a reductase which requires NADPH. And shifts the double bond to the three (odd number) position.
  • The double bond at the 3 position moved to the 2 position by the cis D3-enoyl CoA isomerase as in the odd numbered oxidation process.
  • Oxidation continues as with the odd numbered.
49
Q

What is key in regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

Regulation at fat cell activation of perilipin A and lipase by epinephrine and glucagon

50
Q

What are the three stages of Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

–Transfer of Acetyl CoA precursor units to cytoplasm from mitochondria

–Activation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA (3C)

–Attachment of acyl carrier protein w/ 2C unit addition

51
Q

What is the Movement of Acetyl CoA from Mitochondria to Cytoplasm and back?

A

The 2C units of acetyl CoA that will become a fatty acid are moved out of the mitochondria as Citrate (6C), converted to oxylacetate, to malate, then to pyruvate to cross the membrane again

52
Q

The two carbon Acetyl CoA unit is regenerated from citrate using what enzyme?

A

ATP citrate lyase (which requires ATP for energy)

53
Q

What does Fatty Acid Synthesis require?

A

2 NADPH for each 2C unit added

54
Q

What happens during Formation of Malonyl CoA as Template for Repeating FA unit?

A

The enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase adds a carboxylic acid to the 2C acetyl CoA to make the 3C malonyl Co A. Requires ATP

55
Q

What protien is required to begin Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

Acyl Carrier Protein

56
Q

What happens during Condensation of Acetyl-ACP and Malonyl-ACP?

A

Acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme adds the 2C acetyl CoA to the 3C malonyl CoA with the loss of CO2 to make a 4C product.

57
Q

What is the blue Molecule?

A

Acetyl-ACP

58
Q

What is the pink Molecule?

A

Malonyl ACP

59
Q

What is the product molecule?

A

3-ketoacyl ACP

60
Q

What Enzyme is used in this reaction?

A

acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme

61
Q

What is the top molecule?

A

3-ketoacyl ACP

62
Q

What is the bottom molecule?

A

D-3-hydroxyacyl ACP

63
Q

What Enzyme is used in this reaction?

A

β-ketoacyl ACP reductase

64
Q

What is the top Molecule?

A

D-3-hydroxyacyl ACP

65
Q

What is the bottom Molecule?

A

Δ2-enoylacyl ACP

66
Q

What Enzyme is used in this reaction?

A

3-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydratase

67
Q

What is the top molecule?

A

Δ2-enoylacyl ACP

68
Q

What is the bottom molecule?

A

Acyl ACP

69
Q

What enzyme is used in this reaction?

A

enoyl ACP reductase

70
Q

Where does the required NADPH for Fatty Acid Synthesis come from?

A

Note that each extension requires 2 NADPH

One comes from oxaloacetate recycling and one comes from the PPP

71
Q

What releases the free fatty acid from the ACP?

A

thioesterase

72
Q

What catalyzes extension of FA chains to stearate (C18)?

A

elongase

73
Q

Where is the most common point of unsaturation in Fatty Acids?

A
  • involves the placement of a double bond between carbons 9 and 10 (as in the conversion of palmitic acid to palmitoleic acid or the conversion of stearic acid to oleic acid, facilitated by the action of Δ9-desaturase). Other positions that can be desaturated in humans include carbon 4, 5, and 6, via Δ4-, Δ5-, and Δ6-desaturases, respectively.
  • Humans cannot desaturate higher than carbon 9. Higher desaturated sites are obtained from diet.
74
Q

How is Fatty Acid Synthesis Regulated?

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase: phos inactive/dephos active via epinephrine/glucagon/insulin

Upregulated by citrate and downregulated by palmitoyl CoA

75
Q

How is Fatty Acid Synthesis Regulated?

A

Primarily, Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

upregulated by citrate and insulin

downregulated by palmitoyl CoA and glucagon/epinephrine

Acetyl CoA carboxylase is further regulated through phosphorylation by AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (AMPK)

76
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

heterocyclic nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphates

77
Q

What is the Role of Nucleic Acids in the Cell?

A
  • Act as cofactors for many enzymes (ex NADH)
  • Provide energy for the synthesis of other biomolecules (ex ATP)
  • Store genetic and proteomic information (DNA and mRNA)
  • Catalyze enzymatic reactions (ex rRNA)
78
Q

What are the Purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

79
Q

What are the Pyramidines?

A

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

80
Q

What is the geometry for nitrogenous bases?

A

Planar (sp2)

81
Q

Constitutional isomers that exist in rapid equilibrium

A

Tautomers

82
Q

How do you recognize a deoxyribose?

A

The second carbon has no oxygen - H on either side!

83
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Nucleic acid base plus sugar

Ribose or deoxyribose

84
Q

What are the deoxyribonucleoside Purines?

A

2’-deoxguanosine

2’-deoxyadenosine

85
Q

What are the deoxyribonucleoside Pyramidines?

A

Thymidine (?)

2’-deoxycytidine

2’-deoxyuridine

86
Q

What is the difference between an anti and syn nucleotide bond?

A

Anti- extends outward

Syn-overlaps molecule

87
Q

What is this Nitrogenous Base?

A

Adenine

88
Q

What is this Nitrogenous Base?

A

Guanine

89
Q

What is this Nitrogenous Base?

A

Cytosine

90
Q

What is this Nitrogenous Base?

A

Thymine

91
Q

What is this Nitrogenous Base?

A

Uracil

92
Q

What are the Deoxyribonucleosides?

A
93
Q

What are the Ribonucleosides?

A
94
Q

What is the Role of Nucleotides?

A

•NTP’s (where N is any or unknown base) are carriers of energy through phosphate or pyrophosphate transfer.

–ATP: general energy carrier

–GTP: energy for protein synthesis

–CTP: energy for phospholipid synthesis

– UTP: energy for carbohydrate synthesis

Almost always bound to Mg+

95
Q

What is the polymer linkage for Nucleic Acids?

A

The linkage is made from the 3’ alcohol of the sugar (ribose or

deoxyribose) of one nucleotide to the 5’ phosphate of another sugar.

The directionality of the nucleic acid polymer is thus 5’-3’.

Defines the reading frame much like N-terminus to C-terminus in proteins.

Naming is similar to others: dinucleotide, trinucleotide….etc

Oligonucleotide (>10 nt) to polynucleotide

96
Q

How would this structure be named?

A

5’-d[TpApCpG]-3’

or

5’-TACG-3’

97
Q

How does a primary sequence of nitrogenous bases connect?

A

Fructose + Pi

98
Q

How does the double strand get formed?

A

Making the double strand involves base pairing via hydrogen bonds

Chargaffs Rules:

A pairs with T (or U)

G pairs with C

99
Q

Name a tertiary structure of DNA

A

G-quartet

Single-stranded G-rich DNA

G-quadruplex

100
Q

How many Histones are there?

A

5

H1 is not part of bead, rest have 2 copies

101
Q

What are the types of RNA?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA): single-stranded transcribed form of “coding” DNA which acts as the template for translation, degrades quickly in vivo

tRNA (transfer RNA): Highly folded RNAs which transfer a single amino acid to the ribosome during translation

rRNA (ribosomal RNA): The RNA component of the supramolecular machinery which catalyzes the synthesis of proteins

102
Q

What type of RNA contains a lot of methylated and unusual nucleic acids?

A

tRNA

103
Q

The Ribosome is comprised of approximately __% RNA

A

65%

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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