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biochem > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

___ will give you the most energy, but quickest energy comes from ____

A

lipids, carbohydrates

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2
Q

what is glycolysis

A

enzymatic conversion of glucose into pyruvate

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3
Q

the glycolysis pathway is highly _____

A

conserved

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4
Q

why are there phosphorylated intermediates in glycolysis

A
  1. keeps intermediates in cell
  2. phosphate will be transferred to ADP (to drive reaction forward)
  3. enzymatic handles (enzymes can recognize them)
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5
Q

glucose to glucose-6-phosphate uses what enzyme

A

kinase (adds phosphate)

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6
Q

the first four steps of glycolysis are ____ phase

A

preperatory

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7
Q

phosphorylation of glucose which is catalyzed by hexokinase (irreversible)

A

step 1: the hexokinase reaction

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8
Q

humans have __ isozymes of hexokinase

A

4

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9
Q

glucokinase (in liver) does not have high affinity for glucose; why?

A

the liver gives the glucose to the brain so glucose needs to stay in liver to be sent

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10
Q

the step 1 of glycolysis is a __ ___ where OH at C6 attacks g phosphate of ATP. The bound Mg++ facilitates the process (cell uses ATP in this step)

A

group transfer

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11
Q

step 2 of glycolysis is (involves ring opening and Mg++ for stabilization)

A

isomerization og Glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate;

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12
Q

the isomerize reaction goes from ___ to ketose

A

aldose

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13
Q

step 3 is the ___ _ _ ___ ; second priming step (first committed step in glycolysis)

A

point of no return

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14
Q

what happens in step three

A

fructose-6-phosphate goes to fructose 1,6-biphosphate by enzyme phosphifructokinase

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15
Q

high levels of ATP decrease activity of phosphofructokinase, why?

A

we have plenty of energy so there is no reason to break down glucose

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16
Q

step 4 of glycolysis is what

A

fructose 1,6 biphosphate to 2 3-carbon products

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17
Q

step 4 has large delta G but goes forward because

A

products are quickly removed by next step

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18
Q

the enzyme in step 4 is; gives you ___ and ___

A

aldolase; DAP-ketose and GAP-aldose

19
Q

step five of glycolysis is ____ and enzyme is ____

A

isomerization and triose phosphate isomerase

20
Q

what substrate GAP is used for next enzyme; DAP is converted to ___

A

GAP

21
Q

step 6 is ____ reaction and first energy yeilding step in glycolysis

A

GADPH

22
Q

GAD + inorganic phosphate (oxidation of the aldehyde) with NAD+ gives

A

NADH

23
Q

step 6 yields

A

1,3-biphosphoglycerate

24
Q

the oxidation step of glycolysis is ___ but the formation of acyl-phosphate is ____

A

favorable, unfavorable

25
Q

NAD is an electron carrier that carries _ electrons

A

2

26
Q

ratio in cytosol of NAD+ to NADH is kept

A

high

27
Q

the + in the NAD+ refers to the ___ form

A

oxidized

28
Q

high ratio of NADH in cytoplasm means __ ___; which will inhibit glycolysis

A

high energy

29
Q

substrate level phosporylation combines an unfafvorable with a

A

favorable

30
Q

generation of ATP from ADP and reactive chemical intermediates using soluble enzymes

A

substrate level phosphorylation

31
Q

step 7 drives step __ by keeping levels of 1,3-BPG low (product removal)

A

6

32
Q

enzymes that shift functional groups are called

A

mutases

33
Q

the goal of step 9 is to make the 2-phosphoglycerate a better

A

phosphate donor

34
Q

pyruvate kinase requires metals such as; its activity limited by this under physiological conditions

A

mg 2+

35
Q

amount of ATP from pay off phase is ___ but total net ATP is __

A

4;2

36
Q

if you do glycolysis at a high rate you are depleting ___ and without it you cannot do the pathway

A

NAD

37
Q

pyruvate gets converted to lactate by

A

lactate dehydrogenase

38
Q

the conversion of pyruvate to lactate regenerates

A

NAD

39
Q

the fermentation reaction (pyruavte –> lactate) does not use ___ or change NAD+/NADH ratio

A

O2

40
Q

starch and glycogen from your diet can be digetsed by ____ and make ____ + ____ as products

A

amylases; dextrins and glucose

41
Q

stored starch/glycogen is _____

A

hydrolyzed

42
Q

making glucose-phosphate from stores starch and glycogen _____ energy

A

conserves (cause phosphate is already present before it goes into glycolysis)

43
Q

dietary sugar products make what products

A

glucose + fructose/ galactose

biochem (17 decks)

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