central dogma

Question 1

DNA –> ____ —-> polypeptide (protein)

Answer 1

mRNA

Question 2

DNA to mRNA to protein is not always the flow (ex. covid does what?)

Answer 2

reverse RNA transcription

Question 3

DNA is read how?

Answer 3

5’ - 3’

Question 4

RNA is directed ___ to ___

Answer 4

5’ to 3’

Question 5

polypeptide is read and directed __ terminus to __ terminus

Answer 5

N to C

Question 6

DNA replication is ___ ___and ____

Answer 6

semiconservative, bidirectional, and semidiscontinous

Question 7

each strand of template DNA is being copied (what property of DNA does this describe?)

Answer 7

semiconservative

Question 8

bidirectional replication involves two replication forks, which move in opposite directions (what property of DNA does this describe?)

Answer 8

bidirectional

Question 9

the leading strand copies continuously, lagging strand is copied in segments (what property of DNA does this describe?)

Answer 9

semi discontinuous

Question 10

prokaryotes have single or multiple specific sites of origin

Answer 10

single

Question 11

replication begins at ___ ___

Answer 11

origin sequences

Question 12

eukaryotes have single or multiple origin sites/ sequences

Answer 12

multiple

Question 13

eukaryotic DNA needs to have multiple origin sequences because?

Answer 13

eukaryotes have a large genome

Question 14

what nucleotides are present at origin sequences

Answer 14

A-T (easier to brake)

Question 15

replication of our DNA is much slower because

Answer 15

we need to copy DNA at high accuracy

Question 16

leading strand is read how?

Answer 16

5’ - 3’

Question 17

DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides 5’ - 3’ to synthesize ____

Answer 17

continuously

Question 18

primase comes in to 3’ 5’ and lays nuceleotides on ___ end (lagging strand)

Answer 18

5’

Question 19

the DNA polymerase has two regions, what are they?

Answer 19

insertion and post-insertion

Question 20

where does the incoming nucleotide bind in DNA polymerase

Answer 20

insertion site

Question 21

where does the newly made base pair reside when polymerase moves forward DNA polymerase

Answer 21

post- insertion site

Question 22

The DNA polymerase matches up nucleotides based on correct ___ and matching of ___ bonds

Answer 22

fit and hydrogen

Question 23

making a phosphodiester bond is or is not favorable

Answer 23

not

Question 24

the incoming nucleotide is a triphosphate (- charges) these charges repel each other, what happens? (at DNA polymerase)

Answer 24

dNTP breaks down and releases two phosphates, which creates phosphodiester bond (becomes favorable reaction)

Question 25

what gives you positive charge to keep dNTP in place at active site

Answer 25

Mg 2+

Question 26

DNA polymerases cannot start (only add nucleotides) processes on its own, it needs what?

Answer 26

a primer

Question 27

primers are always ___

Answer 27

RNA

Question 28

The RNA primer needs to be ____ from cell

Answer 28

removed

Question 29

DNA polymerase activity can go back and remove incorrect nucleotide by cleaving bonds; what is it called?

Answer 29

exonuclease activity

Question 30

exonucleus function of DNA polymerase happens

Answer 30

3'-5'

Question 31

principal replication polymerase (E. coli)

Answer 31

DNA polymerase III

Question 32

DNA polymerase _ is used to make primers for okazaki fragments (no profreading function)

Answer 32

alpha

Question 33

DNA polymerase _ used in leading strand synthesis

Answer 33

epsilon

Question 34

DNA polymerase used in lagging strand synthesis (has 3' -5' proofreading)

Answer 34

delta

Question 35

____ ___ makes a bond in lagging strand between a 3' - OH and a 5' -PO4

Answer 35

DNA ligase (ATP requiring action)

Question 36

DNA replication is __ phase

Answer 36

S

Question 37

majority of DNA is repaired by

Answer 37

excision repair

Question 38

checkpoint @ s phase: damage ---> upregulate repair mehcanisms ---> cant be prepared --->

Answer 38

apoptosis

Question 39

recombination repair involves repair of what

Answer 39

double strand breaks (random fix)

Question 40

end of our DNA contains tandom repeat sequence called

Answer 40

telomeres

Question 41

cell gets chewed up evertime it replicates : when reach end of telomere what happens

Answer 41

apoptosis

Question 42

everytime cell divides, RNA primers get removed so strand

Answer 42

shortens (this is why we add telomers

Question 43

telomeres are ___ by many mechanisms

Answer 43

protected

Question 44

encode amino acids sequences of polypeptides found in cell

Answer 44

messenger RNA

Question 45

match specific amino acids to triplet codons in mRNA during protein synthesis

Answer 45

transfer RNA

Question 46

are the constituents and catalytic appropriate amino acids

Answer 46

ribosomal RNA

Question 47

RNA can synthesize de novo. true or false?

Answer 47

true

Question 48

DNA ___ strand gets coded into RNA transcript

Answer 48

template or non coding

Question 49

transcription begins at ____ sequences

Answer 49

promotor

Question 50

promoters are rich in _-_ sequences

Answer 50

A-T

Question 51

where RNA synthesis begins

Answer 51

+1 site

Question 52

upstream of + 1 site is ____ sequence

Answer 52

promote

Question 53

rho-independent termination uses

Answer 53

string of uracil which makes stem loop

Question 54

rho dependent termination

Answer 54

rho is a helicase and seperates and unwinds mRNA and DNA

Question 55

polymerase responsible for synthesis of mRNA

Answer 55

RNA polymerase II

Question 57

mature mRNA needs what three things

Answer 57

5' cap polyA tail (3' end) only exons (coding regions)

Question 58

replication in eukaryotes takes place in ___, the translation takes place in ___ the transcription takes place in ___

Answer 58

nucleus, ER, nucleus (with prokaryotes its all in cytoplasm)

Question 59

mRNA needs to be protected when being transported why?

Answer 59

its one stranded

Question 60

what is the 5' cap made of

Answer 60

7-methylguanosine (methylated nucleotide)

Question 61

what is poly a tail? why do we have it?

Answer 61

strecth of A's at end. protection from nucleases when being transported out of ER to nucleus

Question 62

degradation of proteins keeps pace with ____

Answer 62

synthesis