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biochem > central dogma > Flashcards

central dogma Flashcards

1
Q

DNA –> ____ —-> polypeptide (protein)

A

mRNA

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2
Q

DNA to mRNA to protein is not always the flow (ex. covid does what?)

A

reverse RNA transcription

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3
Q

DNA is read how?

A

5’ - 3’

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4
Q

RNA is directed ___ to ___

A

5’ to 3’

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5
Q

polypeptide is read and directed __ terminus to __ terminus

A

N to C

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6
Q

DNA replication is ___ ___and ____

A

semiconservative, bidirectional, and semidiscontinous

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7
Q

each strand of template DNA is being copied (what property of DNA does this describe?)

A

semiconservative

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8
Q

bidirectional replication involves two replication forks, which move in opposite directions (what property of DNA does this describe?)

A

bidirectional

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9
Q

the leading strand copies continuously, lagging strand is copied in segments (what property of DNA does this describe?)

A

semi discontinuous

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10
Q

prokaryotes have single or multiple specific sites of origin

A

single

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11
Q

replication begins at ___ ___

A

origin sequences

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12
Q

eukaryotes have single or multiple origin sites/ sequences

A

multiple

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13
Q

eukaryotic DNA needs to have multiple origin sequences because?

A

eukaryotes have a large genome

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14
Q

what nucleotides are present at origin sequences

A

A-T (easier to brake)

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15
Q

replication of our DNA is much slower because

A

we need to copy DNA at high accuracy

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16
Q

leading strand is read how?

A

5’ - 3’

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17
Q

DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides 5’ - 3’ to synthesize ____

A

continuously

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18
Q

primase comes in to 3’ 5’ and lays nuceleotides on ___ end (lagging strand)

A

5’

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19
Q

the DNA polymerase has two regions, what are they?

A

insertion and post-insertion

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20
Q

where does the incoming nucleotide bind in DNA polymerase

A

insertion site

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21
Q

where does the newly made base pair reside when polymerase moves forward DNA polymerase

A

post- insertion site

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22
Q

The DNA polymerase matches up nucleotides based on correct ___ and matching of ___ bonds

A

fit and hydrogen

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23
Q

making a phosphodiester bond is or is not favorable

A

not

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24
Q

the incoming nucleotide is a triphosphate (- charges) these charges repel each other, what happens? (at DNA polymerase)

A

dNTP breaks down and releases two phosphates, which creates phosphodiester bond (becomes favorable reaction)

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25
Q

what gives you positive charge to keep dNTP in place at active site

A

Mg 2+

26
Q

DNA polymerases cannot start (only add nucleotides) processes on its own, it needs what?

A

a primer

27
Q

primers are always ___

A

RNA

28
Q

The RNA primer needs to be ____ from cell

A

removed

29
Q

DNA polymerase activity can go back and remove incorrect nucleotide by cleaving bonds; what is it called?

A

exonuclease activity

30
Q

exonucleus function of DNA polymerase happens

A

3’-5’

31
Q

principal replication polymerase (E. coli)

A

DNA polymerase III

32
Q

DNA polymerase _ is used to make primers for okazaki fragments (no profreading function)

A

alpha

33
Q

DNA polymerase _ used in leading strand synthesis

A

epsilon

34
Q

DNA polymerase used in lagging strand synthesis (has 3’ -5’ proofreading)

A

delta

35
Q

____ ___ makes a bond in lagging strand between a 3’ - OH and a 5’ -PO4

A

DNA ligase (ATP requiring action)

36
Q

DNA replication is __ phase

A

S

37
Q

majority of DNA is repaired by

A

excision repair

38
Q

checkpoint @ s phase: damage —> upregulate repair mehcanisms —> cant be prepared —>

A

apoptosis

39
Q

recombination repair involves repair of what

A

double strand breaks (random fix)

40
Q

end of our DNA contains tandom repeat sequence called

A

telomeres

41
Q

cell gets chewed up evertime it replicates : when reach end of telomere what happens

A

apoptosis

42
Q

everytime cell divides, RNA primers get removed so strand

A

shortens (this is why we add telomers

43
Q

telomeres are ___ by many mechanisms

A

protected

44
Q

encode amino acids sequences of polypeptides found in cell

A

messenger RNA

45
Q

match specific amino acids to triplet codons in mRNA during protein synthesis

A

transfer RNA

46
Q

are the constituents and catalytic appropriate amino acids

A

ribosomal RNA

47
Q

RNA can synthesize de novo. true or false?

A

true

48
Q

DNA ___ strand gets coded into RNA transcript

A

template or non coding

49
Q

transcription begins at ____ sequences

A

promotor

50
Q

promoters are rich in - sequences

A

A-T

51
Q

where RNA synthesis begins

A

+1 site

52
Q

upstream of + 1 site is ____ sequence

A

promote

53
Q

rho-independent termination uses

A

string of uracil which makes stem loop

54
Q

rho dependent termination

A

rho is a helicase and seperates and unwinds mRNA and DNA

55
Q

polymerase responsible for synthesis of mRNA

A

RNA polymerase II

56
Q
A
57
Q

mature mRNA needs what three things

A

5’ cap
polyA tail (3’ end)
only exons (coding regions)

58
Q

replication in eukaryotes takes place in ___, the translation takes place in ___
the transcription takes place in ___

A

nucleus, ER, nucleus (with prokaryotes its all in cytoplasm)

59
Q

mRNA needs to be protected when being transported why?

A

its one stranded

60
Q

what is the 5’ cap made of

A

7-methylguanosine (methylated nucleotide)

61
Q

what is poly a tail? why do we have it?

A

strecth of A’s at end. protection from nucleases when being transported out of ER to nucleus

62
Q

degradation of proteins keeps pace with ____

A

synthesis

biochem (13 decks)

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