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Geography > Global Development > Flashcards

Global Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

Process where a country changes or makes economic or social progress

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2
Q

3 economic & social factors that improve people’s quality of life

A

Stable job, high income, stable housing arrangement
Education, recreation, community

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3
Q

3 physical and psychological factors that improve people’s quality of life

A

Clean air, water supply, environmental hazards
Freedom and security

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4
Q

3 economic & social factors that affect development

A

Income, cost of living, growth of economy
Education, recreation, healthcare

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5
Q

2 technological and cultural factors that affect development

A

Electricity, internet access
Satisfaction, work-life balance

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6
Q

Economic and social factor definitions

A

Factors concerning money and wealth
Factors concerning relationships and services for people

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7
Q

Technological and cultural factor definitions

A

Factors concerning the use and advancement of tech
Factors concerning customs, traditions and lifestyle

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8
Q

Food security statistic

A

In 2023, people across 59 countries faced high levels of food insecurity

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9
Q

3 areas of food security and their definitions

A

Availability- Sufficient food available consistently
Access- sufficient resources to obtain nutritious food
Consumption- use based on knowledge of nutrition

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10
Q

4 factors that affect food security

A

Climate, money, education, conflict

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11
Q

6 development indicators

A

Gross domestic product
Birth rate
Death rate
Life expectancy
GINI coefficient
Political corruption

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12
Q

Gross domestic product
Def?
As a country develops the gdp…?
Useful?

A

The amount of money produced by a country’s goods and services, divided by total pop
Increases
No, unequal distribution as it’s an average

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13
Q

Birth rate
Def?
As country develops, birth rate..?
Useful?

A

No. of babies born per thousand people per year
Decreases
Yes, links to healthcare, education and women’s rights/equality

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14
Q

Death rate
Def?
As country develops death rate?
Useful?

A

No. of people who die per thousand people per year
Decreases
Yes, healthcare is very important, affects many aspects of people’s lives

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15
Q

Life expectancy
Def?
As country develops life expectancy?
Useful?

A

Average age a person will live to, from birth
Increases
Yes, includes healthcare, education, water & food supply

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16
Q

GINI coefficient
Def?
What score is desired?
Useful?

A

Measure of distribution of income across pop, each country given a score
Low score of 0
Yes, represents equality of country, better idea of an individual’s life, easy to compare

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17
Q

Political corruption
Def?
Graded from?
Useful?

A

Poor quality governments are often corrupted
‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’
No, hard to judge corruption, could still develop with it

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18
Q

HDI
Stands for?
Uses what factors?

A

Human development index
Life expectancy at birth
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling for children
Gross national income (GNI) per capita

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19
Q

Spatial variations

A

Differences in something on Earth’s surface e.g differences in wealth

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20
Q

3 factors that have led to spatial variations on level of development

A

Climate
Natural resources
Colonies

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21
Q

Climate affecting global development?

A

Average rainfall and moderate temperatures, more stable food supply
Hot climates: droughts, certain diseases

22
Q

Natural resources affecting global development?

A

Minerals and fossil fuels help generate income and help with development

23
Q

Colonies affecting global development?

A

Colonies sent resources to coloniser, helping coloniser to develop, hinders colony develop

24
Q

GDHI
Stands for ?
Def?

A

Gross disposable household income
Amount of income households have for spending after taxes

25
Q

Core
Def?
Key point?
Features?

A

Areas that develop faster due to human and physical advantages
Experience greater growth, investment
Urban, government, industries

26
Q

Periphery
Def?
Key point?
Features?

A

Areas on periphery of economic growth that lack human and physical advantages
Lack investment
Rural, agriculture, brain drain

27
Q

Relief affecting UK development

A

South is flatter, easier to build on
North more mountainous, harder to build on

28
Q

Loaction affecting UK development

A

South and East, closer to Europe, more appealing for businesses

29
Q

Politics affecting UK development

A

Government based in London, desirable for businesses to be close

30
Q

Foreign investment affecting UK development

A

Most in London, now encouraging firms to locate in other cities

31
Q

3 impacts of uneven development and a statistic for each

A

Informal settlements- around 25% of urban population live in them
Food insecurity- In 2023, people across 59 countries faced high levels
Healthcare- 4.9 million children under age of 5 died in 2022

32
Q

What is UNDP?
What do they do?
How do they help?

A

United Nations Development Programme
Work to eradicate poverty, protect planet and develop strong policies
Since programme, proportion of people living in extreme poverty halved

33
Q

Foreign exchange gap

A

Countries lack the money to pay for imports such as oil which are vital to development

34
Q

Savings gap

A

Population pressures and other factors prevent accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure

35
Q

Technical gap

A

Shortage of the skills needed for development

36
Q

Types of international aid?

A

Voluntary aid
Official government aid (multilateral, bilateral)
Emergency and development aid

37
Q

Voluntary aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Money raised from donations and charities
Oxfam
Nothing given in return
Relies on donations

38
Q

Multilateral aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Developed countries giving money to international organisations
the World Bank
Multiple countries helped at once
Loans paid back with interest

39
Q

Bilateral aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Money given from one country to another
India loaning money to Bhutan
Both countries benefit (trade, alliance)
Loans need to be paid back

40
Q

Emergency aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Rapid assistance given to people in immediate distress
War in Ukraine
Helps countries quickly
Only short term solution

41
Q

Development aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Money given by richer countries to poorer countries to help their development
USA to Indonesia
Long term solution
Expensive for HIC

42
Q

Fairtrade
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Producers dealing directly with retailers
Cadbury’s is a fairtrade company
Farmers treated fairly
Good more expensive

43
Q

Debt relief
Def?
What organisation helps?
Helped which countries?

A

Debts repayments can amount to a large part of a country’s spending
World Bank
Afghanistan, Ethiopia

44
Q

Remittances
Def?
Importance?

A

International migrants sending money to family in their country of origin
Important source of income for developing country

45
Q

TNC

A

Transnational corporation, a company that operates in multiple countries

46
Q

FDI

A

Foreign direct investment, investment into business interests in another country

47
Q

FDI linking to TNCs?
Example?

A

FDI by TNCs is an example of top-down development
Nike’s factories in Bangladesh

48
Q

Microcredit?
Example?

A

Granting small loans to businesses
Grameen Bank in Bangladesh

49
Q

5 examples of top-down approaches

A

Multilateral aid, bilateral aid, debt relief, FDI, large scale projects (Madeira river project in South America)

50
Q

3 examples of bottom-up approaches to help development of a country

A

Voluntary aid, microcredit, small scale projects (Micro-hydro scheme in Peru)

51
Q

Micro-hydro scheme
Where?
Type?
What?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Peru
Bottom-up
Generating power using affordable technology
Ads- provides electricity for 30,000 people, saves ecosystems from being flooded
Dis- Population pressures, only on a small scale

52
Q

Madeira river project
Where?
Type?
What?
Ads?
Dis?

A

South America
Top-down
Multinational project to build four dams
Ads- hydroelectric power is created, improves infrastructure
Dis- Costs $5.3 billion, flooding can damage ecosystems

Geography (11 decks)

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