Global Development Flashcards
Development
Process where a country changes or makes economic or social progress
3 economic & social factors that improve people’s quality of life
Stable job, high income, stable housing arrangement
Education, recreation, community
3 physical and psychological factors that improve people’s quality of life
Clean air, water supply, environmental hazards
Freedom and security
3 economic & social factors that affect development
Income, cost of living, growth of economy
Education, recreation, healthcare
2 technological and cultural factors that affect development
Electricity, internet access
Satisfaction, work-life balance
Economic and social factor definitions
Factors concerning money and wealth
Factors concerning relationships and services for people
Technological and cultural factor definitions
Factors concerning the use and advancement of tech
Factors concerning customs, traditions and lifestyle
Food security statistic
In 2023, people across 59 countries faced high levels of food insecurity
3 areas of food security and their definitions
Availability- Sufficient food available consistently
Access- sufficient resources to obtain nutritious food
Consumption- use based on knowledge of nutrition
4 factors that affect food security
Climate, money, education, conflict
6 development indicators
Gross domestic product
Birth rate
Death rate
Life expectancy
GINI coefficient
Political corruption
Gross domestic product
Def?
As a country develops the gdp…?
Useful?
The amount of money produced by a country’s goods and services, divided by total pop
Increases
No, unequal distribution as it’s an average
Birth rate
Def?
As country develops, birth rate..?
Useful?
No. of babies born per thousand people per year
Decreases
Yes, links to healthcare, education and women’s rights/equality
Death rate
Def?
As country develops death rate?
Useful?
No. of people who die per thousand people per year
Decreases
Yes, healthcare is very important, affects many aspects of people’s lives
Life expectancy
Def?
As country develops life expectancy?
Useful?
Average age a person will live to, from birth
Increases
Yes, includes healthcare, education, water & food supply
GINI coefficient
Def?
What score is desired?
Useful?
Measure of distribution of income across pop, each country given a score
Low score of 0
Yes, represents equality of country, better idea of an individual’s life, easy to compare
Political corruption
Def?
Graded from?
Useful?
Poor quality governments are often corrupted
‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’
No, hard to judge corruption, could still develop with it
HDI
Stands for?
Uses what factors?
Human development index
Life expectancy at birth
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling for children
Gross national income (GNI) per capita
4 causes of water insecurity?
Pollution, climate change, agriculture, pop growth
Spatial variations
Differences in something on Earth’s surface e.g differences in wealth
3 physical factors that have caused spatial variations in level of development
And explanation?
Climate-> moderate rainfall and temps, more stable food supply. Hot climates, droughts and some diseases
Natural hazards-> likely to occur in some countries, income needed for recovery
Landlocked countries-> harder to trade
3 economic factors that have caused spatial variations in level of development
And explanation?
Trade-> Primary products in developing countries sell for less
Political corruption-> money spent poorly by politicians
Natural resources-> fossil fuels can generate high levels of income
1 historic factor that has caused spatial variations in level of development
And explanation?
Colonies-> Colonies sent resources to coloniser, helping coloniser to develop, hinders colony develop
GDHI
Stands for ?
Def?
Gross disposable household income
Amount of income households have for spending after taxes
Core
Def?
Key point?
Features?
Areas that develop faster due to human and physical advantages
Experience greater growth, investment
High literacy rates, high employment, more secondary and tertiary sectors
Periphery
Def?
Key point?
Features?
Areas on periphery of economic growth that lack human and physical advantages
Lack investment
Poor literacy rates, high unemployment, mostly primary sector (farming)
2 physical factors that affect UK development?
1 historic factor affects UK development?
1 economic factor affects UK development?
Relief, location
Politics
Foreign investment
Relief affecting UK development
South is flatter, easier to build on
North more mountainous, harder to build on
Loaction affecting UK development
South and East, closer to Europe, more appealing for businesses
Politics affecting UK development
Government based in London, desirable for businesses to be close
Foreign investment affecting UK development
Most in London, now encouraging firms to locate in other cities
3 impacts of uneven development and a statistic for each
Informal settlements- around 25% of urban population live in them
Food insecurity- In 2023, people across 59 countries faced high levels
Healthcare- 4.9 million children under age of 5 died in 2022
What is UNDP?
What do they do?
How do they help?
United Nations Development Programme
Work to eradicate poverty, protect planet and develop strong policies
Since programme, proportion of people living in extreme poverty halved
Foreign exchange gap
Countries lack the money to pay for imports such as oil which are vital to development
Savings gap
Population pressures and other factors prevent accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure
Technical gap
Shortage of the skills needed for development
5 Types of international aid?
Voluntary aid
Official government aid (multilateral, bilateral)
Emergency aid, development aid
Voluntary aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?
Money raised from donations and charities
Oxfam
Nothing given in return
Relies on donations
Multilateral aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?
Developed countries giving money to international organisations
the World Bank
Multiple countries helped at once
Loans paid back with interest
Bilateral aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?
Money given from one country to another
India loaning money to Bhutan
Both countries benefit (trade, alliance)
Loans need to be paid back
Emergency aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?
Rapid assistance given to people in immediate distress
War in Ukraine
Helps countries quickly
Only short term solution
Development aid
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?
Money given by richer countries to poorer countries to help their development
USA to Indonesia
Long term solution
Expensive for HIC
Fairtrade
Def?
Example?
Ads?
Dis?
Producers dealing directly with retailers
Cadbury’s is a fairtrade company
Farmers treated fairly
Good more expensive
Debt relief
Def?
What organisation helps?
Helped which countries?
Debts repayments can amount to a large part of a country’s spending
World Bank
Afghanistan, Ethiopia
Remittances
Def?
Importance?
International migrants sending money to family in their country of origin
Important source of income for developing country
TNC
Transnational corporation, a company that operates in multiple countries
FDI
Foreign direct investment, investment into business interests in another country
FDI linking to TNCs?
Example?
FDI by TNCs is an example of top-down development
Nike’s factories in Bangladesh
Microcredit?
Example?
Granting small loans to businesses
Grameen Bank in Bangladesh
5 examples of top-down approaches to help development of a country
Multilateral aid, bilateral aid, debt relief, FDI, large scale projects (Madeira river project in South America)
3 examples of bottom-up approaches to help development of a country
Voluntary aid, microcredit, small scale projects (Micro-hydro scheme in Peru)
Micro-hydro scheme
Where?
Type?
What?
Ads?
Dis?
Peru
Bottom-up
Generating power using affordable technology
Ads- provides electricity for 30,000 people, saves ecosystems from being flooded
Dis- Population pressures, only on a small scale
Madeira river project
Where?
Type?
What?
Ads?
Dis?
South America
Top-down
Multinational project to build four dams
Ads- hydroelectric power is created, improves infrastructure
Dis- Very expensive, flooding can damage ecosystems
