Changing Cities- Birmingham

Question 1

Birmingham site

Answer 1

-Dry point on a south-facing sandstone ridge
-Above floodplains

Question 2

Birmingham situation

Answer 2

-On a coalfield
-Near River Rea
-Centre of country

Question 3

Birmingham industries

Answer 3

-Industries of jewellery, gun-making, brass trade

Question 4

Birmingham connections

Answer 4

-Birmingham airport
-M6, M5, M42
-Multiple A roads

Question 5

3 places in Birmingham and what part of city

Answer 5

-Sparkbrook- inner city
-Sutton four oaks- suburbs
-City centre- CBD

Question 6

Feautres of…
City centre?
Sparkbrook?
Sutton four oaks?

Answer 6

-Office blocks, roads, flats
-Terraced housing, parades of shops
-Big houses, greenery, driveways

Question 7

Urbanisation in Birmingham
When?
What?

Answer 7

18th &19th centuries
Jewellery, guns and brass manufacturing
New estates built in inner city

Question 8

Suburbanisation in Birmingham
When?
What?

Answer 8

1920s and 1930s
Estates of semi-detatched houses built
Little greenery

Question 9

Counter-urbanisation in Birmingham
When?
What?

Answer 9

1970s onwards
Redevelopment of inner-city areas
Forced people to move out

Question 10

Re-urbanisation in Birmingham
When?
What?

Answer 10

After 1990
New apartments built
Redeveloping CBD, improving shopping centres

Question 11

Comprehensive development area

Answer 11

Area where urban landscape was demolished before being rebuilt

Question 12

3 reasons for national migration

Answer 12

Retiring people move to quieter areas
Employment and opportunities for young
Universities for study

Question 13

3 reasons for international migration to Birmingham

Answer 13

Shortage of workers, immigration from former colonies
Migrants in search of work
Refugees from Syria, Ukraine

Question 14

3 reasons migrants are concentrated in inner city/CBD

Answer 14

Work opportunities
Cheaper housing
Close to shops & services

Question 15

4 impacts of migration in Birmingham and statistics

Answer 15

*Young population- Youngest city in Europe
*Multiculturism- 42% of residents are non-white
*Housing demand- 2,500 more houses needed to meet current demand
*Pressure on services- GPs, police, transport

Question 16

Birmingham’s population pyramid

Answer 16

-More economically active people than national average
-Jobs and study
-Need for schools, pressure on services

Question 17

Causes of de-industrialisation
Local?
Global?

Answer 17

-De-centralisation
-Transport development, destruction for roads
*Globalisation, imported vehicles
*Technological advance, factories can’t compete

Question 18

3 impacts of de-industrialisation

Answer 18

-Workers made redundant
-Factories relocating to suburbs
-Wasteland

Question 19

Vicious cycle of poverty

Answer 19

High unemployment—>Less money for goods—>Less taxes to council—>Council invests less—>People leave with few qualifications—>High unemployment—>More time—>Increases petty crime

Question 20

Quality of life

Answer 20

Degree of well-being felt by a group of people in an area

Question 21

Inequality

Answer 21

Unequal distribution of resources & opportunities within a society

Question 22

4 problems with inequality

Answer 22

-Lack of employment opportunities
-Overcrowding
-Discrimination
-Homelessness

Question 23

Index of multiple deprivation
and 7 aspects counted

Answer 23

UK government study of deprived areas
Income, employment, crime, health deprivation & disability, education, barriers to housing & services, living environment

Question 24

4 reasons for inequality in Birmingham

Answer 24

*Discrimination, against race and newcomers
*Services, hard to quickly provide for large no of people
*De-industrialisation, few factories, few jobs
*Qualifications, hard to get a job without them

Question 25

Purchasing power

Answer 25

Amount of good and services that a unit of currency can buy

Question 26

Quality of life between Sutton four oaks and Sparkbrook

Answer 26

Sutton is suburbs-low crime rates, low pollution, prosperous
Sparkbrook is city-high crime rates, concern for pollution, deprivation

Question 27

Zone of discard

Answer 27

Where firms are closing due to old or cramped property

Question 28

Zone of assimilation

Answer 28

Where parts of CBD expand into nearby areas e.g surgeries set up in former houses

Question 29

Structure of CBD

Answer 29

Inner core- specialist & department shop, banks
Outer core- theatres, smaller shops, town hall
Frame- education, bus and train terminals
Zone of assimilation & discard

Question 30

4 waves of de-centralisation
When?
What?

Answer 30

1st–>19th century, movement of people from noisy, polluted city
2nd–>late 19th century, movement of manufacturing industry
3rd–>1970s movement of retail, Merry Hill in Dudley
4th–>recently, growth of internet shopping

Question 31

3 advantages of out-of-town shopping centres

Answer 31

-Cheaper to have shops
-More parking
-Larger shops

Question 32

3 ways CBD fought back

Answer 32

-Bullring shopping centre redeveloped 2003
-Encouraging late-night opening
-Pedestrianising city centre

Question 33

Sustainable development

Answer 33

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future gens

Question 34

Sustainable management of Birmingham 3 strats

Answer 34

*Public parks- 591 parks, improves air quality
*Birmingham District Energy Scheme- £190mil invested, renewable energy from waste, less CO2 emissions
*Clean air zone- charges inefficient cars £8 a day, reduces CO2 emissions