Glands introduction

Question 1

Definition of a gland

Answer 1

An epithelial cell or an aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

Question 2

Defines secretion

Answer 2

The production and release of material by a cell or aggregate ourselves

Question 3

How a glans classififed

Answer 3

1. The structure

2. How their products are released

Question 4

Define Endocrine

Answer 4

Secrete directly into the blood to act on distal parts of the body. Secretions called hormones

Question 5

3 examples of Endocrine glands

Answer 5

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid

Question 6

What is the anterior pituitary release

Answer 6

ACTH
luteinising hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin - stimulates milk production in mothers
somatotrophin - a hormone which regulates the growth of the body and tissue

Question 7

What does the posterior pituitary release

Answer 7

Antidiuretic hormone - prevents water loss from kidneys

oxytocin - signal uterus for delivery of baby

Question 8

Thyroid glands release

Answer 8

T3 active and T4 inactive

Question 9

Parathyroid gland release

Answer 9

Parathyroid hormone, calcium homeostasis

Question 10

What epithelial cells of a Endocrine tissue secrete substance

Answer 10

All epithelial cells secrete the hormones in the gland

Question 11

Define exocrine

Answer 11

Glands secrete into a location or region of the body through a duct and the secretion is mostly enzymes or lubricants

Question 12

Give six examples of endocrine glands

Answer 12

Salivary gland
pancreas
mammary
sweat gland
sebaceous glands
lachrymal glands

Question 13

Salivary gland

Answer 13

Secrete saliva, function includes partial digestion of food and lubrication

Question 14

Pancreas

Answer 14

enzymes: amylase trypsin and lipase these enzymes digest carbohydrates proteins and fats respectivly

Question 15

Mammary glands

Answer 15

Produce milk in response to prolactin and oxytocin

Question 16

Sweat glands

Answer 16

Screech sweat which regulates body temperature

Question 17

Sebaceous glands

Answer 17

Secrete sebum onto the skin of the ear protectors you from pathogen

Question 18

Lachymal glands

Answer 18

In I secretes water to moisten the eye also produces lysosomes

Question 19

In exocrine glands what cell releases product

Answer 19

Only apex of ducted secretes product

Question 20

In exocrine glands what cell releases product

Answer 20

Only apex of duct secretes product

Question 21

In lungs branch and occurs by growth factor 1 and 2 explain how we get trivial elongation or tubule branching

Answer 21

Elongation factor one active growth and two in active

branching growth up to one in active growth factor to active

Question 22

Some cells are end of ducks change morphology explain this

Answer 22

Myoepithelial cells - cells that have features of both epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells - helps injecting secretions from the duct

Question 23

Three types of secretions

Answer 23

Merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

Question 24

merocrine

Answer 24

vesicles fuse with membrane cargo released outside by exocytosis. Two pathways regulated and constitutive

Question 25

apocrine

Answer 25

Partial loss of cytoplasm. vesicles bundle at top of cell whole top of cell is released

Question 26

holocrine

Answer 26

Complete loss of cytoplasm also

Question 27

How is secretion controlled

Answer 27

Negative feedback
nervous
endocrine
neuroendocrine

Question 28

Explain merocrine regulated and constitutive regulation

Answer 28

Regulated: secretory granules accumulate in large be schools and are released by exocytosis upon stimulation, need calcium ions

constititive: the secretory product is not concentrated into granules but packaged into small the schools and continues to be released to he cell surface - use may need to repopulate the plasma membranes

Question 29

Merocrine pathway release of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas

Answer 29

Glucose moves into cell viaGLUT2
potassium channels open allowing potassium to leave cell
this Depolarises the cell
causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open
calcium used in these confusion causes insulin released outside cell

Question 30

Give an example of an Apocrine secretion

Answer 30

Breast - both fat and milk realised this way

Question 31

holocrine example

Answer 31

Sebaceous gland
the secretory cell fills up with secretory granules
cells organelles die
the cells die
the plasma membrane breaks and the contents released
dead cells are replaced by mitotic division in the basal cells

Question 32

Role of Golgi apparatus

Answer 32

Secretion of proteins

glycosylation of proteins

Question 33

Where does Golgi apparatus glycosylation occur

Answer 33

Trans-Golgi

Question 34

Why glycosylated proteins

Answer 34

Aid folding
prevent digestion
cell ecognition e.g. blood groups
roll on cell to extracellular matrix attachment

Question 35

Exocytosis vs endocytosis

Answer 35

Exocytosis
secretion of molecules outside the cell by vesicle fussing to a membrane

Endocytosis
engulfing of molecules inside the via vesicle formation

Question 36

Two types of endocytosis

Answer 36

Phagocytosis- engulf other cells

Pinocytosis- cell drinking

Question 37

Trans-epithelial transport

Answer 37

Passive diffusion
through Lipid membrane
transported by carrier proteins
or impermeable proteins could be transported by Endo and exocytosis

Question 38

Control gland secretions

Answer 38

Hormonal, neural, humoral

Question 39

neural

Answer 39

Release of hormones in response to nerval stimulus

Question 40

humoral

Answer 40

Control of hormone release in response to changes in the extracellular fluid levels or ion levels

Question 41

neurocrine

Answer 41

Example the hypothalamus to the pituitary